Expansion in the 1840’s to 1850’s

blowup IN THE 1840S AND 1850S 1. As our democracy expanded from 1845-1860 political leading could non solve, evade or scoop up out the question as to whether or non to ein truth last(predicate)ow the involution of sla rattling into the territories. exhibit DESTINY- had overtaken Ameri sack up justification for expansion- The US had the justifiedly and the obligation to expand to the Pacific. 1846- Americans fought an 18 month fight against Mexico that resulted in the acquisition of much than half of Mexico&8212 star third of the flowing US. &8212 2. JOHN C.CALHOUN- FROM southeastern CAROLINA Calhoun had been vice chairwoman under John Quincy Adams in 1825 and Andrew capital of Mississippi in 1829. He fragment with capital of Mississippi and did not become his VP in 1833. The take apart was over THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS- a obligation passed in 1828, as Adams was leaving office, that levied very high protective dutys on imports for the fix purpose of protecting A merican manuf numeralures. It do foreign goods alike expensive for the southeasterly to buy. THIS WOULD LEAD TO EUROPE BUYING slight OF THE southernS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN RETURN.At the measure of the warfare of 1812 until 1828 Calhoun was a strong NATIONALIST. just as he aphorism to a greater extent and more how the mho was be treated he run a finish turn and became a FANATICAL REGIONALIST. As VP, aft(prenominal) the tariff of 1828 he wrote a pamphlet in which he called for nullification of the tariff by grey bring ups on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. This conjecture of Nullification was starting issued by doubting Thomas Jefferson over the debates on the Const. and the role of the national vs. area Governments. Jefferson and Madison had tried to ordinate the theory into effect with theVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, in which they declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts ( exp cardinalntd in by Adams) violated the Bill of Rights- in form THE ACTS and were unconstitutional and could be nullified by any articulate that chose to. Calhoun had little clog for nullification. Jackson promised tariff relief. But the responsibility of 1832 earmarkd little reform. Calhoun resigned as VP in 1832 and was choose to the Senate from S. Carolina. S. Carolina called a special convention that on Nov. 24,1832 passed the Ordinance of Nullification forbidding tariff collection in the State.When Calhouns nullification theory was presented to the Senate it was argued that non ONLY COULD A STATE NULLIFY AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL impartialityfulness scarce THAT IT COULD ALSO, AS A wear RESORT, SECEDE FROM THE UNION. &82121832. Daniel Webster, a Senator from Mass. , defended the powers of the national official official regime and said Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Nullification now divided the nation over the issue of STATES RIGHTS- the will of a adduce vs the rightfulness of the nation. WHAT CALHOU N WAS REALLY bit FOR WAS PROTECTION OF buckle downholding WHICH THEY FEARED COULD BE ABOLISHED BY A NORTHERN CONGRESS.That is why as early as 1832 it was important to Calhoun and his supporters to feat to submit the doctrine of States Rights override the matter will- Calhoun saw the will of the nation cosmos controlled by the Yankee industrialists. THIS IS PROOF THAT TO THE SOUTH THE ISSUE OF knuckle downRY WAS BOTH frugal AND CONSTITUTIONAL. Jackson, on Dec. 19,1832, declared the Tariff to be constitutional and denied the correctly of a get up to block federal law. He be armed intervention to collect tariffs. recounting passed THE FORCE ACT- empowering the president to use force to collect tariffs.The siemens nullified the obligate Act, only when compromise was soon reached with a spic-and-span tariff. BUT- THE ISSUE OF STATES RIGHTS WOULD NOT GO AWAY. The Mexican war- Unionern Democrats were willing to arrogate Texas, a Confederate disk operating system, sin ce they expected Confederate support for operating theater. The 1844 parliamentary platform include a pledge to control the tout ensemble res publica of Oregon- US and Britain jointly active the subject area from the 42 parallel to 54,40. The area cattle farm from the present day Yankee borders of atomic number 20 and Nevada to the Confederate border of Russian Al contenda. From 1818 at that place was joint occupation.More Americans were gushy into the area and they treasured to become range of the US. 1845 Polk recommended termination of the joint occupation and our victorious control of the entire area. The question would whether the grey (Tenn. ) president and his Southern colleagues would support assoil dominion in Oregon as strongly as they supported break ones back territory in Texas. The answer was NO- Polk was willing to go to war with Spain for Texas, AND ALL THE condition(a) LAND, provided not with England over Oregon. So a compromise was reached w ith Britain at the forty-ninth parallel. 2 northerlyern Democratic Senators choosed against it, and all the unanimous support of the Whigs pushed it through. conjugationern democrats necessitateed Texas and Oregon were born in the same instant, nurse and cradlers in the same cradle, but having utilize Northern voter turnouts to set up Texas, the peculiar friends of Texas moody and were doing all they could to strangle Oregon. Northern Abolitionists saw the Mexican warfare as a means to expand buckle downholding. In 1847 the Mass. legislature resolved that this unconstitutional war was being waged for the triple object of expanding thrall, of streng and soing the slave power, and of obtaining control of the discontinue soils. 3. Westward expansion would revive the issue of extension of slaveholding into the territories. Many neat racists had al get up hold that the glums could neer be their intellectual, social, political or economic embodys. Most duster Norther ners argue allowing slaves to be brought into territories acquired from Mexico. They feared that the spread of thraldom into the westside would see THEIR OPPORTUNITY TO SETTLE AND originate ON THAT LAND. NORTHERNERS OPPOSED hard workerRY IN THE TERRITORIES BOTH AS A fatigue SYSTEM AND THE BLACK ENSLAVED PEOPLE.By this time northern grim and white mass embraced the concept of the scanty labor arranging- free men and women working to earn a living and improve their lives. If the slave declareers gained a foothold for their UN surplus labor strategy in the West then the rising of the free labor system would be restricted or destroyed. 3. THE WILMOST PROVISO- During the Mexican War in 1846, Democratic congressman David Wilmot, introduced a bill into carnal knowledge to prohibit slavery in any territory we would get from Mexico. He felt that blacks would TAINT the territory and that the land should be reserved hardly if for the white race. The pitch blackness race alre ady occupy copious of this fair pureI would preserve for free white labor a fair countrywhere the sons of toil, of my own race and own color, can live without the disgrace which association with pitch blackness slavery brings upon free labor. The proviso was never passed into law, but white Southerners were active at this attempt to stop them from enjoying the fruits of the war by settling into the new lands. THE SOUTH SAW ANY ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE GROWTH AS SLAVERY AS THE get-go STEP TO ELIMINATING IT. John C. Calhoun countered with his own proposalAll territories to be feigned as common property of the states. Congress would act an agent for the states and make no laws tell apart surrounded by the states or depriving and state rights with regard to property. Any national law passed regarding slavery would violate the Const. and the doctrine of states rights. People micturate the Const. right to form their state governments as they wish, as long as they provide a republic an form of government. The Wilmot supplying was voted on in 1846 and the votes were strictly on section epithelial ducts, causing the parties to begin to split.It passed the preindication but failed to come to a vote in the Senate. At the next academic session in Feb. ,1847, it was re passed by the dramatic art but died in the Senate. THE PROVISO STARTED A RIFT WITHIN THE PARTIES BASED ON SECTIONAL TIES. Every Northern state legislature, except one, had supported the Proviso. Every Southern state legislature remote it. prexy Polk sanction a compromise that would have extended the Missouri via media line across the Mexican cession. Many northerners backed this since they felt climate and topography would keep slavery out of most of the area naturally.BUT umpteen SOUTHERNERS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT reach A PRECIDENT FOR FUTURE TERRITORY AND DID NOT WANT TO AGREE TO RESTRICTING SLAVERY IN ANY AREA. To pr until nowt the spread of slavery into these areas the FREE SOIL company wa s form in 1848- composed barely of whites whom VIGOROUSLY OPPOSED THE EXPANSION OF SLAVERY. They feared a desecration of the land if the blacks were allowed to settle there. The unload smear Party was hostile to the blacks and opposed emancipation. BUT it did get support from nearly ABOLITIONISTS who saw it as a management to stop the spread of slavery and quarrel its existence. 848 the bare(a) Soil Party ran former Pres. Martin Van Buren, who came in a upstage third behind the Whig- Mexican War hired gun Zachary Taylor, and the Democrat- Lewis Cass. BUT 10 gratis(p) Soil Congressmen were elected. 4. The land settlement after the Mexican War and the opening of the souwest upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. Sept 17,1847 the Mexicans surrendered. totalment of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ratified by the Senate on butt against 10,1848, ceded to the US present day California and crude Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado. excessively the southern border of Texas was set as the Rio Grande. This added over 1 million substantive mile to the US, added approximately different one-third of our territorial domain, and brought us out to the Pacific. The war introduced us to some future military giants such as Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. pick OF 1848- Democratic Party split- The Barnburners (supported by Van Buren and innovative York) supported the Wilmot Proviso. The Hunkers were willing to compromise with the South and nominated Cass. This led to the Free Soil Party and a major split within the Democratic Party.The Whigs passed over enthalpy Clay and Daniel Webster and nominated war hero Taylor. Taylor was a Southern slaveholder, but Northern Whigs supported him. They stuck together long enough to get him elected. 5. CALIFORNIA- GOLD- Jan 24,1848, gold discovered at Sutters Mill in California. By 1849 the flamboyant Rush was on. People were flocking to the area seeking their fortunes. Most men did not st rike it rich BUT the Gold Rush lasted for 12 eld and explode the population of the area. By 1850 the population of Calif. reached 100,000. The residents utilise for introduction as a FREE STATE.This would make California the 31st state and offset the balance in the Senate between North and South. The South would not agree to this arrangement. Henry Clay was called upon to make another compromise. He attempted to write a document that would resolve the issue of slavery for all time. California would be admitted as a free state. The slave interchange (not slavery) would be eliminated in DC. A stronger momentary buckle down Law would be passed to make it easier for slave owners to get run absent slaves back. New Mexico and Utah would be conglutinationized as territories, with no mention of slavery.The Compromise did not pass- Calhoun would not tolerate the admission of California without slavery, Northerners would not agree to stronger fugitive from justice from justice knuck le down Laws, and President Taylor shocked his clotheshorse Southerners by insisting that California be admitted as a free state with NO COMPROMISE. Taylor threatened to veto the Compromise if the House and Senate passed it. Summer of 1850 Taylor died and Millard Fillmore became President. He wanted to compromise. Senator Stephen Douglas from Ill. guided the Compromise of 1850 through Congress by genuinely making it dickens separate bills. nonpareil brought in Calif. s a free state and the other gave a stronger fugitive slave code. MANY STATES RIGHTS SUPPORTERS SAW THE SLAVE/FREE equilibrate IN CONGESS SHIFTING FURTHER NORTHWARD. 6. THE ELECTION OF 1852- The Barnburners returned to the party and the Democrats nominated little cognise Franklin Pierce from New Hampshire- leaving the Wilmot Proviso behind them. The Whigs split totally in 1852&8212 The Northern faction supported Winfield Scott, the Southern faction supported Millard Fillmore as a compromise candidate. There was a tie-up after 52 ballots- 96% of Scotts votes were from free states and 85% of Fillmores from slave states.On the 53rd ballot Scott won the nomination. The Free Soilers nominated John P. Hale opposing the Compromise of 1850 and the extension of slavery. The Whigs had split to the augur that the party was declared dead by its leaders. In 1853 the Democrats controlled every Southern State and the Whigs elected that 14 of the 65 congressmen from those states. The intersection two party system was on the verge of death. 7. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS- The Fugitive buckle down Law created bitter among the Abolitionists and make slavery more unrestrained and face-to-face to many.Actually the report in Article IV, Section 2 express that any person held in operate or labor in one state who ran a agency to another state shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor shall be due. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 permitted slaves owners to see slaves who omitd t o other states. The fly slaves had no rights- no right to a trial, no right to testify, and no guarantee of habeas corpus (the legal indispensableness that a person be brought forwards a address and not be imprisoned il legitimately).But by the 1830 and 1840s thousand of slaves were escaping and were being aided by the Underground Railroad. ashen Southerners found the laws too weak to overcome the resistance of the North to return the slaves. Many northern abolitionists actually aided the blacks escape and hid them if the law was cognize to be coming. Several Northern states had ain liberty laws that do it illegal for state law enforcement officials to help capture capers. This was passed too. A US arbitrary dally closing in 1842- Pigg v Pennsylvania- involved a slave owner who forcibly carried his runaway slave back spot to doc from Penn.He was convicted in Penn. on a kidnapping charge The Supreme Court overturned the ruling and called the Penn. Law Unconstitutional. T HE court ALSO RULED THAT THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION WAS A national RESPONSIBILITY. This caused many states to start pass the personal liberty laws and provoked the South to ask for stricter control. Local black vigilante directions were formed including the League of Freedom in capital of Massachusetts and the Liberty Association in Chicago. These actions made the South ask for harsher laws.The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the harshest measures EVER passed by the US Congress. Required US place, deputies, and middling citizens to help seize runaway slaves. Those who refused or helped the runa ways could be fined or imprisoned. Slave owners only had to provide legal documentation from their home state OR the testimony of white witnesses before a federal commissioner that the imprisoned was a runaway. It was nearly impossible for a black to prove that they were legally free. national commissioners were paid $10 for captives returne d to bondage, but only $5. f they were found to be legally free. The commissioner could deputize any citizen to aid in the capture of the runaways, and stiff fines were imposed for those that did not help. Many Northerners vowed CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. During the time the law was in effect 332 captives were returned to slavery and 11 were released as free people. FUGITIVE SLAVES- Southern laws stipulated that the status of the mother determined a childs legal status- free or slave. Some states abided by the new Law without question. Others did not. A Maryland slave owner tried to regain a black woman in Phila.Who he claimed had escaped 22 years before. Since then she had 6 children, and he said they all belonged to him. Case went before a federal commissioner who ruled that they were all free. SHADRACH- 1851- Federal marshals captured a black fugitive in capital of Massachusetts names Shadrach. A meeting of blacks stormed the courthouse and freed the slave and got him to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Federal regime brought charges against 4 blacks and 4 whites that helped in the escape under the Fugitive Slave Act. topical anaesthetic JURIES REFUSED TO CONVICT THEM. Sept 1851 Christiana, Pennsylvania was the guesswork of a little battle.Three police lieutenant marshals appeared with a family of slave owners to recover 2 runaways from Maryland. A hostile congregation of about 25 blacks and several whites met them. One slave owner was killed and several from some(prenominal) sides were wounded. The runaways escaped to Canada. President Fillmore sent US Marines to Penna. to round up the members of the insurrection. 36 blacks and 5 whites were arrested and indicted for treason by a federal fantastic jury. The governments carapace was weak, and after an acquittal in the first case, the remaining cases were dropped.ANTHONY BURNS- 1854 fire escaped from Virginia by stowing away on a ship and landed in Boston. burn sent his enslaved brother a letter, whi ch was intercepted and Burns was captured. Marshals put him under concord in chains in the federal courthouse. Abolitionists tried to break in but could not, even though a representative marshal was killed. President Franklin Pierce, a northern Democrat, sent federal troops to Boston to return Burns to Virginia. The vigilance committee tried to buy Burns freedom but the US attorney refused. June 1854 thousands of Bostonians lined the street on the way to the ship that Burns was being marched to. perform bells rang, buildings and on lookers were draped in black. William Lloyd send held a ceremony on July 4 in which he burned a copy of the Declaration of Independence as many looked on. A federal grand jury indicted 7 men for inciting a riot to free Burns, but no Boston jury would convict and of the men. MARGARET GARNER- pass of 1856 Margaret Garner and 7 other slaves escaped from Kentucky across the Ohio River into Cincinnati. Their owner, Archibald Grimes pursued them along with a deputy and a posse. They cornered the eighter in a small house, but they fought back Finally they were subdued.Before they could be captured Garner slit her daughters throat rather than have her go back to slavery. She tired to kill her two sons but was disarmed. Ohio authorities charged her with murder. By then she had returned to Kentucky and was sent with her three surviving children to Arkansas to be sold. On the excursion her youngest child and 24 others drowned in a shipwreck. She was later sold at a slave market in New Orleans. Toni Morrison transformed her story into the book BELOVED. 8. THE ROCHESTER CONVENTION- 1853 Black leaders met in Rochester, NY in 1853 for a national convention.They warned that black Americans were not ready to concede to the government policy that put more emphasis on the use up of slaveholders than people seeking freedom. They called for greater adept among the blacks and a means to find ways to improve their economic prospects. They asser ted their claims to the rights of citizenship and equal protection before the law. They also explicit fear that the new wave of European immigrants would deprive poor black Northerners of their jobs. FOR THE FIRST TIME BLACK LEADERS, INCLUDING FREDERICK DOUGLASS SPOKE OF THE accept FOR A SCHOOL TO PROVIDE fostering IN SKILLED TRADES AND MANUAL ARTS.They even spoke of founding a Negro museum and library. NATIVISM- White Protestants picked up the fear of more Immigrants as well, with a major parkway beginning against Roman Catholics from Ireland and Germany. Some feared there was a Catholic conspiracy to take over the nation. Led to the formation of the jockey noughtS in 1854- to protect traditional American values from the dangers of immigration- The names comes from the reply members were instructed to kick in when asked about the party- I KNOW NOTHINGBy 1856 there were over 1 million members in the Party, generally in New England, Kentucky and Texas. UNCLE TOMS CABIN- pen by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852- originally published in installments in an anti-slavery newspaper. Stowe was raised in a religious environment and unquestionable a hatred of slavery. In the allegory she depicts the cruelty, inhumanity and destructive impact on families by slavery. It moved Northerners to tears and made slavery more personal to readers who never considered it as a way of life.White Southerners called it a false depiction of slavery. But Stowe later published A anchor to Uncle Toms Cabin in which she cited the sources for her novel, many of which were southern newspapers. ABLEMAN V BOOTH-1859- The personal liberty laws continued to violate federal laws. This case arose when a Wisconsin abolitionist named Sherman carrel was convicted by a federal court and sent to prison for leading a raid in 1854 that had freed a fugitive. The Wisconsin Supreme Court had ruled the Fugitive Slave Law as unconstitutional and staged Booths release.Chief referee Roger Taney ruled that the Fugitive Slave law was constitutional AND ANY STATE interfere WITH ITS ENFORCEMENT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. Booth went back to prison. THE SUPREMACY OF federal official LAW WAS UPHELD- This case was a complete REVERSAL of the traditional values of the North favoring federal supremacy and the South button for states rights. 9. OTHER ATTEMPTS- While many states had been passing personal liberty laws in the 1850s, some were adopting harsher black laws to restrict free blacks&8212mainly the lower Northern states and the West.Indiana espouse a provision in its 1851 Constitution that prohibited the migration of free blacks into the state. Blacks could not vote there, nor serve on juries or in the army, nor testify against whites, nor marry whites, nor go to trail with whites. Iowa and Illinois had similar laws and also banned black immigration in 1851 and 1853. When Oregon was admitted to the union in 1859 she adopted a wholly range of black laws, even though black migration t o that state was remote. California, 10 years earlier, had not banned black migration since she feared it would bar the process of statehood, but Calif. id adopt a large range of discriminatory laws. SO, even out IN THE FREE STATES, THERE WAS AN ANTI-BLACK SENTIMENT. but New England states, except Connecticut, had allowed blacks to vote as with the whites prior to the Civil War. Attempts to institute this in other northern states FAILED in the 1850s. racial discrimination was so strong in the North that no party could win if it endorsed ripe racial equality. REMEMBER&8212 Abolitionists and Free Soilers could dislike slavery and have sympathy for fugitive slaves, BUT they could also be very prejudiced and have a dedication to RACISM.

Comparison of Jane Austen’s novels

Question Does the Igbo horticulture fall apart solely because of remote pressures of European Imperialism and Christianity or are on that point indwelling tensions that cause the culture to decompose?Answer In Things Fall Apart, Chinua Achebe explores the struggles in the midst of the old traditions of the Igbo community and the effects of Christianity on people of different calibers within that hostelry. He also demonstrates the effects of one society thrust onto a nonher. Before the introduction of Christianity by the fresh homosexual, the Ibo society has been well-settled, with its own laws and fast religious beliefs. The Second Coming by William Butler Yeats describes a world astir(predicate) to reach yet another innovation in its history, one much worse than the prior. Therefore, we observe the white man get in the African religion which is pregnant with superstitions, and style them towards close in a way that they feel it is a natural process.The Christian rel igion brings with itself a strong regime and peaceful trade. The people become more(prenominal) prosperous and the white men started gaining converts. Specifically, aft(prenominal) the church of Mr. Kiaga survives on the Evil tone for over twenty-eight days, they won a handful more converts. Moreover, for the first time, they comprised of a woman named Nneka, the wife of Amadi. Nneka had suffered a mound on account of bearing twin and then losing them to the Evil Forest out-of-pocket to a perilous custom.Christianity is viewed as a refuge to keep her children. Moreover, Nwoyes feminine rareness caused him to doubt and wonder about legion(predicate) things in Igbo culture that his father would not dwell on for long. These encapsulate the remnant of Ikemefuna and the abandoning of twins into the bush that cry until they die. Thereby, he sees Christianity as a solution to his problems and he seems to have found peace in leaving his father and the insensitive religion. However, the privation of old tralatitious values to the bare-assed religion leads to a whole cutting generation being lost as well.Furthermore, the internal conflict within the folk is so immense that it leads Okonkwo to thoughts of violence, destruction and war, which in conclusion result in the final destruction of his society. Evidence of this is seen when Obreika and Okonkwo are discussing how the white man has destroyed Abame, and how he is now doing so to Umofia, prompting Okonkwo to say, Abame people are fatigued and foolish. Why did they not fight tush? We must fight these men and knife thrust them from our land. The division within the clan among those favouring the traditional and the new has built an animosity. When Okonkwo has thoughts of destroying the white man, it foreshadows a conflict and illustrates how much hatred major power and division can cause.The power of internal separation is observed in its great advent at the very end. notice what hatred has brought Okonkwo to, the rest of the clan surrenders to the white man and allows itself to be conquered or pacified as the white man claims. Not precisely they have the entire legacy of the subjects be eliminated, an entire culture and society as well. This vividly showcases the British policy of basin and Rule.Nonetheless, it is the internal tensions that fuel disintegration in the Ibo culture. Had they not been disunited by the white mans eloquent oratory, they would have fought for their rights and land. The weak corporate trust in gods and religion that a numeral of Igbos possessed, led them to accommodate change and delay ignorant of the manipulative nature of the colonizers. This slavish attitude, an overpowering sense of inferiority conjugate with lack of contact with the world outside, coat way for the external pressures i.e., Christianity and imperialism to enforce timeless domination on them.

'Breadfruit Analysis / Reactions\r'

'Bread harvest is a short rime written by English poet Philip Larkin. The verse form is composed of only devil stanzas, to each one composing of eight lines. The poem is or so the failure of men to mature when they pipe trance of surreal things, as referred in line14 of the split second stanzaâ€the demise of a fantasy of accompaniment a conduct that resembles that of a life in a tropic promised land amidst the reality of life. The title â€Å"Breadfruit” is guide beca aim the poem is not exactly roughly the fruit itself. In fact the talker does not even know what Breadfruits be.â€Å"… whatever(prenominal) they be. ” (line 2 and 17). The fruit breaks no meaning except as an ornament for the inseparable girls. The basic line, â€Å"Boys dream of domestic girls who consider breadfruit tree. ” (line 1) points readers images of a tropical island paradise where native girls ar stereotypically innocent and offer foreigners, in the poe m’s case, the boys, a tropical fruit which is breadfruit. As mentioned, the use of breadfruit is insignifi put upt; it whitethorn welcome been fair a random tropical fruit that Larkin chose.He could suffer used coconuts, bananas, or any fruit that is typically found in tropical areas. The third line and quaternate lines â€Å"As bribes to teach them how to execute/ 16 informal positions on the sand;” (3-4). This knowledgeable aspiration is of course from the point of suasion of the day dreaming boys. Although tropical island girls may have been stereotyped (thanks mostly to the movies) as innocent, willing to explore anything types, I fag out’t think island girls would give an crack as it were, just to satisfy their sexual desires. Specifics again do not involvement in this poem.Just as the Breadfruit, at to the lowest degree in my opinion does not bear significance, the number of sexual positions does not really have any symbolic meaning. It could h ave been just an aesthetic technique of Larkin to mend the number sixteen to the age of the island girls that were willing to offer breadfruit for sex. And again, it is just the carrefour of the boys’ fantasies so the number may be relatively higher to emphasize the unrealistic fantasy. The rest of the lines in the freshman stanza, lines 5-8, are astir(predicate) the result of the island girls sleeping with the boys.â€Å"This makes them colligate (the boys) the tennis club,/Jive at the Mecca, use deodorants, and/ On Saturdays squire ex-schoolgirls to the pub/ By private car. ” (5-8). The lines suggests that once the island girls have slept with the boys, they would be civilized and let go of their island ways. In a sense, it shows the corruption that sex can possibly do. If the first stanza is all about(predicate) the dream, then the second stanza is about the acknowledgment that these dreams are exactly what they areâ€dreams. The ideate ends, the boys chan ge into men and now they are in churches, probably with their wives, and in offices.â€Å" much(prenominal)(prenominal) uncorrected visions end in church/ Or registrar:” (9-10). The verbaliser mentions that these dreams are visions that are â€Å"uncorrected” meaning the vocaliser too realizes that it is wrong to dream of such things. The rest of the lines, except for the last two which is somewhat a repetition of the first two lines, are all about realities of life in contrast to the fantasies of the first stanza. The lines give examples of negative realities; â€Å"A mortgaged semi…, a widowed unsounded having to scheme with money; illness; age.” These examples show that life has more serious things to watch to other than wandering off in a daydream in an island with innocent, open girls. The theme of the poem does not have to be thought of that much because the speaker mentions it perfectly at the last lines of the poem. â€Å"matureness falls, when old men sit and dream/ Of naked native girls who bring breadfruit/ Whatever they are. ” (14-16). It is immature for grown men to daydream if they have responsibilities to attend to. reference Larkin, P. (1961). Breadfruit. Retrieved May 15, 2009. from http://www. philiplarkin. com/pom/pomcurrent. html\r\n'

'One to one communication interaction Essay\r'

'In this activity, I go out be carrying out 2 fundamental interactions, unriv e real(prenominal)ed with an exclusive and one with a theme of suffice functionrs. For my individual interaction I invite chosen to lap with a service user from my workplace. I am a social tutor works with deaf and blind adults. I ordain take an activity with a grouping of young children in a local school for my group interaction. After these interactions defecate taken place, I testament cheek at and discuss the types of communication skills testn, and I all toldow for excessively describe the social interaction that occurred.\r\nCommunication with otherwise great deal involves a process that most of us take for granted. We emergency to pass reading using a form of commandment from one individual to some other. A decree is a communication system, which contains elements, which all individuals allow see to it. This could be vocal, non-verbal i.e. em tree trunk row, Braille, sign language, typography, pictures or even music to convey a message (CCMS, 2006). We need to express our thoughts to a nonher soul using methods of communication. The other person call ins astir(predicate) our communication and serves. We then appearance the response, whether the communication has been overcompensately interpreted, and if not we need to clarify our communication. Gerard Egan (1986) separates that ‘the goal of listening is understanding’. (Moonie, 2005)\r\nsee more:describe the carry on the behaviours of bursting chargers and others may pay finish on an individual with dementia\r\nI had chosen to work with a male service user, a resident at my workplace. I will refer to this service user as Mr A throughout this report, to protect his identity. This is important, as confidentiality is a basic human right. legal philosophy protects confidentiality through the Data Protection forge 1988, and the Freedom of Information Act 2000. Maintaini ng confidentiality excessively forms part of the C be Standards Act 2000, and rung in health and social care are expected to work within the boundaries of confidentiality. Before I under as hale ask my individual interaction, I gave some thought to how I could substantiate as oftentimes conver sit downion as possible. Mr A has precise limited ken and honest nailing. He has a tally of glasses but does not wish to wear them. He also has accomplishment disabilities, which recognizes his business leader to do verbally kinda difficult.\r\nAs I enjoy Mr A hygienic, I will use casual conversition, also a formal indecision would not be appropriate receivcapable to Mr A’s conver sit downional skills. light is defined as â€Å"without ceremony or formality; relaxed and friendly.” (Chambers, 2007) Taking this into account I thought of a a few(prenominal) questions, which would be easy for him to respond to. I had frank questions in my head, such as â₠¬Ëœwhat are you doing today’ ‘what would you equivalent for breakfast’ and ‘how was your even’. Using open questions, I hoped to set ahead conversation and interaction between us. unopen questions, which only require a yes or no answer, would not be rich to this activity, that out-of-pocket to Mr A’s disabilities I may pay off to use unlikable questions at eons.\r\nAs I have worked with Mr A for two years, I already have a s teady- liberation relationship with him. Mr A requires a constituent of arse with his own(prenominal) needs, but comparables to be as autarkic as possible. run out to other module, reading Mr A’s care plan and observations I have make during the time I have worked with Mr A has allowed me to build up a earnest relationship with him, and knowledge of how he likes to communicate. I know when to can support, and Mr A appears to like me. Mr A bring ons it quite exceed when he is unhappy by shoutin g.\r\nOn Tuesday 19th December 2006 at 9am I went to my workplace. The weather was dull and cold outside. Mr A was sat in his usual goman in the living style. He had his weaponry relaxed by his side, and one knee crosswise the other. There was one other service user in the room, and the radiocommunicationcommunication was on low. The radio is constantly on for Mr A; he likes to listen to either the radio or the television at all time. Another member of staff was also in the living room writing up paper work. The temperature was w leg, the room was well lit but not too bright and the atmosphere was calm down. Mr A appeared relaxed. My organic structure language was relaxed, and I smiled and rate ‘ thoroughly daybreak’ to Mr A, and he express ‘yea’ in response.\r\nHe shuffled almost in his chair at pocket-size as he utter to me. I sat in a chair in close proximity to Mr A so that he would be able to hear me clearly above any land noise, and know where I was location to him as he has genuinely limited sight. Mr A needs a lot of dish up with his needs, and he is comfortable with carers in his personal space. I sat relaxed, with my body off towards Mr A, my arms leaning across my knees. I make sure I looked at Mr A so when I spoke to him he would know I was qualification as much eye encounter as possible. Mr A does not make eye contact with anybody, he tends to look down towards his knees and occasionally look up towards the centre of the room. Although Mr A was not devising eye contact with me, I snarl up up it important to maintain contact, as I may be able to gamble his thoughts and legal opinions by looking at his eyes.\r\nMr A settled back into his chair and his body posture was relaxed. With my voice at a calm slow pitch I say ‘who is it Mr A’, Mr A say ‘Sarah been on days too enormous’. This is an affectionate term for Mr A. I responded with ‘yes I think it is time I had a holiday’ and Mr A laughed and tell ‘its time you did’. I laughed with Mr A to show I found his remark amusing. He shuffled around a little in his chair again. I go along to talk to Mr A in a varying ol factory modality to ensure my voice sent a friendly message. I asked Mr A how he was feeling today and he said ‘yea’. I asked him if he was feeling poorly and he said ‘didn’t articulate that’, so I asked him if he was feeling well. Mr A responded ‘yeah’.\r\nBy maintaining eye contact and looking inte stick arounded, I assured Mr A that I was actively listening. Mr A’s receptive language is rattling good however his communicatory language is very limited. In parliamentary procedure to find out something from Mr A I have to clarify what it is I requirement to know. By asking if he snarl poorly or well jump I knew from experience that Mr A would respond ‘didn’t say that’ to the wron g one. I paraphrased what I had asked, reflecting back on the question to ensure I had understood what Mr A was telling me. I touched(p) Mr A on the arm and told him that I was buoyant he felt well. I felt touch was appropriate in this instance, however I recognise that this is not al airs the case.\r\nI asked Mr A if he would like some breakfast, and he responded ‘yeah’. He got up from the chair and made his representation to the dine table. Mr A is very good at finding his way around the house and does not like existence guided. By not intervening until Mr A asks for help, I am empowering him. This gives Mr A a feeling of confidence and higher self esteem. He sat down in his usual place. I asked him if it was ok to regularise an forestage on him, he responded ‘yeah’ and lifted his arms up so I could tie the proscenium. It is important to offer choice to Mr A as this empowers him that. Mr A has vigor wastage in his right arm and has very little us e of it. He eats well out of a specially designed bowl and a special spoon using his go aside hand. Mr A is unable to put food grain or milk into the bowl himself, or to spread ruckle or make sucks. He requires someone to do this for him.\r\nI asked Mr A what he would like for breakfast. Mr A responded ‘not much’. This is a natural response so I asked whether he would like Weetabix or Shreddies. This again ensured Mr A had a choice. Mr A answered ‘Weetabix’. Mr A will most often copy the closing curtain thing a person says, so I encourage his responses by proverb the cereal he has every morn first.\r\nAfter Mr A had destroyed his Weetabix I asked him if he would like any toast and he said ‘yeah’. I then asked Mr A if he would like marmite on his toast. Mr A responded ‘didn’t say that’ and shuffled around in his chair, indicating to me that he was not very happy. His body language became vindicatory as he cancelle d away from me. With my voice at a calm slow pitch I asked Mr A if he would like jam on his toast (which he always has) and Mr A said ‘yeah’. I apply this impression of voice to calm the situation. Mr A then relaxed and turned back towards the gravid of my voice. The questions used at this wind were closed because I know that Mr A has little expressive language so at times this is unavoidable.\r\nI thought I would offer Mr A a drink at this point so I asked him what he would like to drink. Mr A answered ‘tea’, so I went and made him a cup of tea. After he had finished the tea he stood up and made his way to the kitchen with his cup. He removed his apron and held it out to me. I asked Mr A what he cherished me to do with the apron and he responded ‘rubbish’ so I took the apron and threw it in the bin. Mr A then made his way back to his chair in the lounge. He sat down and traverse his legs, tapping his foot to the song on the radio. I sat b ack down in the chair close to Mr A, again with my body posture relaxed.\r\nI asked Mr A if I could turn off the radio and talk. Mr A’s go across tone became unyielding and he started shouting ‘that’s pillock’ over and over again. I waited a moment until he calmed down and stop shouting, and then, using a calm, quiet tone of voice, I said ‘we can talk with the radio on low’ and Mr A responded ‘yeah’. I asked Mr A what he had dupee yesterday evening. Mr A did not respond, so I waited a few moments before I asked if he had been spry yesterday after tea. Mr A said ‘not much’. I asked him I if he had been out and he said no. I asked him if he had listened to the TV or the radio, Mr A answered ‘TV times’ which means he listened to the TV.\r\nMr A was walk gently in his chair as he spoke to me and he seemed very relaxed. He uncrossed his legs and crossed them the other way so he was face towards me even more. I was still sat in the same relaxed position, with my arms resting on my knees, turned towards Mr A as much as possible. I asked Mr A what he would be doing today, again Mr A responded ‘not much’. I asked him if he was going out and he said ‘don’t know about it’, I said to Mr A that he would have to think about it and see how he felt later. I told Mr A that I was going to put my feet up for the rest of the day and do no work. Mr A laughed at me and said ‘she does that sometimes!’ I asked Mr A if he had enjoyed talking to me this morning and he answered ‘yeah’. I touched Mr A on the arm again and said goodbye. Mr A responded ‘Yeah’ and continued to tap his foot.\r\nI felt the interaction went very well. Mr A responded very well in conversation, and I feel that was repayable(p) to the factors involved. The location was quiet, warm and calm. Mr A was put in an environment he is very comfortable with. Mr A appeared comfortable with the proximity, that is, the fact I have to be very close to him, in his personal space. This is due to his personal difficulties, and his need for support with a lot of his personal needs. As he is quite an elderly gentleman, he has relied on carers being very close to him and serving him do things his whole life and seems very comfortable with this. If the support offered to Mr A is more than he wishes for, he quickly becomes very angry. At no time did Mr A appear to be unhappy with the support I gave him.\r\nDuring the interaction, Mr A was not able to see my body language due to his visual disability, however I sat close to him and faced him at all times so he would be awake(predicate) that I was listening fully. Mr A’s body language was good throughout most of the interaction, he leant towards me and his muscle tone was relaxed. My body language was relaxed throughout the interaction, both when seated and when assisting Mr A with his breakfast. Mr A does not use hand gestures when he deals, mostly due to his muscle wastage in his right arm. At one point when I asked him if he would like marmite on his toast, he exhibited a little banish body language by spell away from me. When I suggested turning off the radio Mr A’s muscle tone became very rigid and he shouted at me. This was an indicator that Mr A was very unhappy with the suggestion and wanted the radio left on. The radio was turned down low and did not handicap the conversation in any way as we could clearly hear to each one other.\r\nMy conversation with Mr A was informal. This is because I know Mr A very well so do not need to speak to him in a formal manner. I gave Mr A appropriate lengths of time to respond to my questions, and I listened carefully to his answers. By grown Mr A time to respond to my questions, I ensured that he had time to think about what I was asking, and formulate the illuminate response. I followed up by responding to his answer s with appropriate further conversation. At one point I had to clarify a question by changing it from asking ‘what he had through with(p) yesterday evening’ to ‘if he had been restless yesterday after tea’. By asking the question in a different way I was checking that Mr A had fully understand what information I required from him. This in turn encourage Mr A to respond when peradventure he did not wish to, or maybe did not understand the question.\r\nMr A is a person who likes to be as independent as possible. He appreciates when I understand his needs and what he is trying to tell me. Throughout my interaction with Mr A I used empathy at all times. Empathy is â€Å"a person’s awareness of the aflame state of another person and their ability to share an experience with them” (Richards, 2003, p.121). I was aware of Mr A’s emotional state and my ability to build an understanding. On two occasions I touched Mr A’s arm briefly t o show friendliness and compassion. I feel Mr A was very responsive to our interaction and I was very happy with how it went. I think that given Mr A’s verbal disabilities I engaged him in a good conversation, listened well and used correct techniques to aid this. I also provided him with the correct amount of support during his breakfast.\r\nThe other staff member present in the room was my deputy manager. I asked her to complete a witness statement for my to say I had completed an interaction with Mr A. She agreed to this. I also asked her for feedback on the techniques I had used, and how she felt the interaction went. She told me that I had engaged Mr A well. When Mr A is listening to the radio he doesn’t always want to talk. He responded that he was happy to talk to me with the radio turned down low. She said Mr A appeared very relaxed and seemed to enjoy talking to me. He was also happy to go to the dining table and let me assist him in getting some breakfast. Wh en asked, Mr A said he had enjoyed talking to me. He also appeared to be happy with the support I offered him when getting his breakfast. As he can become angry quite tardily when offered too much support, I also felt this was good feedback.\r\n'

'Embryonic Stem Cell Research is Morally and Medically Ethical Essay\r'

' door stylus \r\n Issue ( Background)\r\n Science and technology w be opened m either an(prenominal) doors of progress in all countrys of business. On such argona far exceeds mere business and constancy and touches upon kind-heartede emotional state itself. The health check club has reached a heading w here it female genital electronic organ instead possibly create new and hefty cubicles and organs to alternate those that argon modify. This mathematical act upon is made doable through fertilized egglogic substructure mobile phone look into (ESCR).\r\n embryonal bowk non cells, as suggested by the make bank ar extracted from embryos that have been fertilized in a laboratory setting for work by sterile couples and and so, for what incessantly reason, atomic number 18 donated for research. These cells ar ab out(p)(predicate) louver days overaged ( stalk cell Basics). The cells atomic number 18 then authentic and grown in a nuance medium an d shipped to some opposite laboratories for further research. These stubble cells are special because they house be converted through genetic role to be any type of cell desired.\r\nâ€Å"To generate cultures of specific types of differentiated cells†government agency muscle cells, blood cells, or impertinence cells, for exampleâ€scientists try to subdue the specialisation of immature solution cells. They change the chemic composition of the culture medium, alter the dig up of the culture dish, or modify the cells by inserting specific genes” ( topic Cell Basics). The make of this mould is that these new healthy cells can be used to supersede defective or diseased cells in individuals, in arrange curing them of authentic ailments.\r\n Conflict, c. Stance and d. Enthymeme\r\nThe rivalry with this particular number basiss from the fact that extracting these cells effectively kills the developing embryo, called at this stage a zygote. Those who b elieve that these cells constitute a human world, liken the movement of extracting root word cells to abortion and murder (Robinson). Those that do not believe this way see the major aesculapian benefits as outweighing the death of an unwanted and impudent zygote. nearly of the arguments against ESCR are phantasmal in nature bandage those that favor it are following matter-of-fact and realistic processes. In light of the medically invalu commensurate entropy and hope it extends, embryonal stem cell research should legally continue with all-embracing stemmaing from the federal government. \r\nII. Grounds \r\n make up as focus has turned toward grownup stem cell research, ESCR remains the close to valuable and efficient way of utilizing stem cells for medical purposes. In 2005, the united state announced that it was considering opening a stem cell bank using embryonic stem cells. Its research team at the University of Cambridge constitute that only 150 human embryos would be needed to created genetic sensible for approximately two-thirds of the population. The bank hopes to use these cells to replace â€Å"diseased or damaged create from raw material in conditions such as diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders” (Lita).\r\n embryonal stem cells can help carry on neurological disorders such as Parkinson’s and endocrinal disorders such as diabetes. immature stem cells can be modify into dopamine-producing grimace cells because these stem cells can be trans pass water into most any body cell including nerve cells and pancreatic cells. These cells can then begin producing dopamine or insulin as the case whitethorn be. (Kennell).\r\nVictims of spinal cord injuries may soon be able to regain motor control as the result of ESCR. Preliminary research shows that it is possible to train embryonic stem cells to make neuro-motor pathways. Douglas Kerr, M.D., Ph.D. of Johns Hopkins University notes that â€Å"This is p roof of the principle that we can experience what happens in early stages of motor neuron development and use that to repair damaged nervous systems” (Embryonic Stem Cells reclaim possible Motor Nerve).\r\nIII. Warrant\r\nDespite its turn out medical capabilities and hope for many other medical uses, ESCR has found virulent opposite word from conservatives and the spectral community. Their arguments hinge on the use of a living human being as fodder for medical experimentation. These arguments are suspect, tied(p) flawed, for s invariablyal reasons, both philosophic and biologic. Generally speaking, the to a greater extent practical and pragmatic medical argument must be valued over the religious beliefs of some.\r\nFirst, many will argue for the analogy amid ESCR and murder. some differences exist. As stated earlier, the zygote in incredulity is only five days old. In no way could this particular cluster of cells contain life at this point †only the ef fectiveness for life, which is basically the case whenever a char and a man have inter railway line. Lawyers from the bailiwick Institute of Health jibe, noting that â€Å"stem cells are incapable of growing into a concluded person. They may be coaxed to develop into nerve cells or heart cells. But, at most, they can become an organ, not a bang living person.\r\nThey cannot be considered a form of human life, even within the explanation of pro-life supporters” (Robinson). Doctors even give biological explanations for this conclusion: â€Å"Human embryos are delimit as human organisms derived by saturation from one or more than gametes or diploid cells. Pluripotent stem cells are specialized subpopulation of cells capable of developing into most (ectoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm), scarce not all, human tissue and may be derived from human embryos” (Chesney). Medically, even the cells are not the same.\r\nHowever, the zygotes are being stored indefinite ly at in-vitro fertilization clinics. For example, in the unify States are over 350 malodorousness clinics that produce the in-vitro fertilization process. When a women submits herself to the procedure, about 25 ova are removed from her body and fertilized with her keep up’s (or other donor’s) sperm. further 2-4 of the embryos are used in the fertilization procedure and the rest are quick-frozen in liquid nitrogen to spell for later use. Generally, these remaining 20 or so embryos stay in the clinic indefinitely. a few(prenominal) couples use them all, and even fewer agree to donate them to other infertile couples.\r\nMany embryos die due to changes in temperature or movement, and some clinics even throw the scanty embryos away or use them in training staff (Robinson). The birth control pill blocks a fertilized ovum from implanting as does an intrauterine device (IUD). These two devices, on with discarding the embryos or using them for training, over ly make believe the electromotive force for life only when are not so reviled. Moreover, the embryos’ ‘owners’ must evermore give consent to use these embryos for research; nobody is tricked during this process (Robinson). Basically, if these cells are not used for ESCR, they will ultimately be used for nothing.\r\nSecond, many opponents argue that gravid stem cell research (ASCR) could replace ESCR and save the embryos. This is not yet the case, if it ever will be. First of all, the nature of the stem cells are different in adults and in embryos. Embryonic stem cells are more flexible and can become virtually any cell of any organ or tissue in the body. giving stem cells are much more control and cannot even be found in many organs or tissues in the body.\r\nMoreover, adult stems cells are limited in number, even considered ‘minute’ in quantity and are very dense to identify. Embryonic stem cells are clean to identify and exist in lar ge, available numbers. Most importantly, embryonic stem cells are virtually blank, making them easy to skirt into other tissues. Adult stem cells can contain genetic defects or â€Å"desoxyribonucleic acid errors caused by replication or delineation to toxins” (Cohen).\r\nESCR has been the focus of scientist for nearly two decades man ASCR has conscionable begun to get out some notice. Because of the process of ASCR, the opponents want to exclusively ban ESCR, not understanding that it is the reason that ASCR is even possible. However, because of the religious issues, ASCR is being forced into the limelight epoch ESCR has wooly-minded funding.\r\nAs a result, Dr. Helen Blau, ironically an adult stem cell police detective at the Stanford University, argues that she feels â€Å" ironlikely we need embryonic stem cells. The answers are not just going to come from the adult stem cells and it would be extremely short-sighted to shift completely to just adult stem c ells” (Cohen). musical composition adult stem cells may provide promise in the future, their use in the present is merely not as lucrative or undimmed as those of embryonic stem cells at this point in time.\r\n Backing and V. Conditions of rebuttal\r\nMost arguments in opposition to ESCR originate in the religious realm. Dr. Dr. David Prentice, professor of life sciences at Indiana State University and founder of Do No Harm, The Coalition of Americans for question morals notes precisely this when he asserts, â€Å"The root of the parameter really comes down to the ethical question of what’s the moral status of a human embryo. Is it a person or is it a piece of property? And evidently we have no consensus on that in this country and I think that means we should not use taxpayer funds to fund this type of research” (Cohen).\r\nYet, historically, this religious realm, when miscellaneous with federal forces, has been squelched in other instances. For ex ample, removing the ten commandments from federal buildings, denying prayer in school, and eliminate swearing under theology to affirming under oath in court of justice proceedings are just a few of the ways that the government has try to separate the church and the state. Why is the religious conservative view allowed to proliferate here when it is not allowed to do so in other instances?\r\nSimilarly, the force of this religious soar upwards against ESCR is the loss of life. While the beginning bit of human life is hugely debatable, does ESCR not also promote life? Lawyers and medical ethicists in favor of ESCR note that â€Å"Stem cells have an enormous promise to benefit mankind †to save lives and cure or treat diseases. This generates a very strong moral imperative to explore their potential” (Robinson).\r\nSimilarly, the conservative and religious opposition seems to even contradict their own opinion by not voicing concern about in-vitro fertilization clinic s in general. As renowned above, clinics routinely destroy abandoned embryos by flushing them down drains, incinerating them, or exposing them to room temperature” (Hall). Basically, unused, ruined embryos number in the hundreds of thousands in fertility clinics across the country, but these clinics are not subjected to the political manipulation that ESCR is, which only uses a dozen or two embryos in the clinical setting.\r\nFurthermore, the â€Å"parents” of these embryos are never challenged. The donors get to decide the fate of their unused embryos. The choices are to leave them to the use of the clinic, to donate them or to destroy them. Dr. Carl Herbert, president of the San Francisco Fertility Centers, notes that while this loss may seem harsh, it simply mimics the natural reproductive cycle.\r\nHe points out that Out of all the embryos created by internal intercourse, roughly 3 out of 4 do not last grand enough to produce a baby. slightly half of the f ertilized eggs are lost even before the woman misses her graduation period following conception” (Hall). Dr. Marcelle Cedars, a fertility specialist at the University of atomic number 20 at San Francisco’s IVF clinic agrees. He argues that it is â€Å" chimerical to expect technology to do much better at preserving the lives of early-stage embryos. Human transcript is a very inefficient process and it is difficult to afford a higher(prenominal) status to embryos than nature does” (Hall).\r\n Qualifier\r\nOf course nobody wants to believe that a promising medical science field could be corrupt or greedy. Even ESCR should ensnarl under certain moral guidelines. In no way should an embryo ever be used in any way except by that to which its donor consents. In addition, donors should not create embryos for the guileless purpose to sell them to clinics, as the process should result as a byproduct of extra embryos create for potential implantation and not crea te any redundant embryos not for that purpose. Finally, tricking or deceiving individuals into donating embryos or withholding information about their use would also be morally wrong.\r\nVII. Conclusion\r\nESCR is not the enemy of the moral fiber of the United States. It is a medically promising procedure that does not violate any indemnify to life laws. Religious opposition to certain issues will always exist, but in recent history, it has not been allowed in throw in with federal political, social or educational decision-making. Clearly other possibilities and alternatives to ESCR may arise, but until these options are as viable as ESCR, they should not be allowed to interfere with the medical promise of this type of research.\r\nWorks Cited\r\nChesney, Russell et al. American Academy of Pediatrics, Human Embryo search Committee on Pediatric Research and Committee on Bioethics. Pediatrics 108 (3), 3 Sept. 2001: 813-816. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://aappolicy.aappublications.org/cgi/content/\r\nfull/ paediatrics;108/3/813\r\nCohen, Elizabeth. Adult stem cells or embryonic? Scientists differ. CNN.com/Health. 10 August 2001. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://archives.cnn.com/2001/HEALTH/\r\n08/09/stem.cell.alternative/\r\nEmbryonic Stem Cells Repair Latent Motor Nerve. Science Daily. 28 June 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://stemcell.taragana.net/archive/embryonic-stem-cells-repair-latent- motor-nerve/\r\nHall, Carl T. â€Å"The forgotten embryo: Fertility clinics must store or destroy the surplus that is part of the process.” SF accession News. 20 Aug. 2001. at: http://www.sfgate.com/\r\nKennell, David. The promise of stem cell research. People’s periodical World Newspapers. 29 July 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2006 from http://www.pww.org/ member/articleview/9582/1/332\r\nLita, Ana. Embryonic Stem Cell Research: New Developments and Controversies. Me dBioWorld. 10 October 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://www.medbioworld.com/\r\npostgenomics_blog/?p=138\r\nRobinson, B.A. Human Stem Cells †estimable Concerns. Religious Tolerance. 17 Oct. 2002. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://www.religioustolerance.org/res_stem2.htm\r\n â€Å"Stem Cell Basics.” The National Institutes of Health. 20 Feb. 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2008 from http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/basics3.asp\r\n'