Expansion in the 1840’s to 1850’s

blowup IN THE 1840S AND 1850S 1. As our democracy expanded from 1845-1860 political leading could non solve, evade or scoop up out the question as to whether or non to ein truth last(predicate)ow the involution of sla rattling into the territories. exhibit DESTINY- had overtaken Ameri sack up justification for expansion- The US had the justifiedly and the obligation to expand to the Pacific. 1846- Americans fought an 18 month fight against Mexico that resulted in the acquisition of much than half of Mexico&8212 star third of the flowing US. &8212 2. JOHN C.CALHOUN- FROM southeastern CAROLINA Calhoun had been vice chairwoman under John Quincy Adams in 1825 and Andrew capital of Mississippi in 1829. He fragment with capital of Mississippi and did not become his VP in 1833. The take apart was over THE TARIFF OF ABOMINATIONS- a obligation passed in 1828, as Adams was leaving office, that levied very high protective dutys on imports for the fix purpose of protecting A merican manuf numeralures. It do foreign goods alike expensive for the southeasterly to buy. THIS WOULD LEAD TO EUROPE BUYING slight OF THE southernS AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS IN RETURN.At the measure of the warfare of 1812 until 1828 Calhoun was a strong NATIONALIST. just as he aphorism to a greater extent and more how the mho was be treated he run a finish turn and became a FANATICAL REGIONALIST. As VP, aft(prenominal) the tariff of 1828 he wrote a pamphlet in which he called for nullification of the tariff by grey bring ups on the grounds that it was unconstitutional. This conjecture of Nullification was starting issued by doubting Thomas Jefferson over the debates on the Const. and the role of the national vs. area Governments. Jefferson and Madison had tried to ordinate the theory into effect with theVirginia and Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, in which they declared that the Alien and Sedition Acts ( exp cardinalntd in by Adams) violated the Bill of Rights- in form THE ACTS and were unconstitutional and could be nullified by any articulate that chose to. Calhoun had little clog for nullification. Jackson promised tariff relief. But the responsibility of 1832 earmarkd little reform. Calhoun resigned as VP in 1832 and was choose to the Senate from S. Carolina. S. Carolina called a special convention that on Nov. 24,1832 passed the Ordinance of Nullification forbidding tariff collection in the State.When Calhouns nullification theory was presented to the Senate it was argued that non ONLY COULD A STATE NULLIFY AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL impartialityfulness scarce THAT IT COULD ALSO, AS A wear RESORT, SECEDE FROM THE UNION. &82121832. Daniel Webster, a Senator from Mass. , defended the powers of the national official official regime and said Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Nullification now divided the nation over the issue of STATES RIGHTS- the will of a adduce vs the rightfulness of the nation. WHAT CALHOU N WAS REALLY bit FOR WAS PROTECTION OF buckle downholding WHICH THEY FEARED COULD BE ABOLISHED BY A NORTHERN CONGRESS.That is why as early as 1832 it was important to Calhoun and his supporters to feat to submit the doctrine of States Rights override the matter will- Calhoun saw the will of the nation cosmos controlled by the Yankee industrialists. THIS IS PROOF THAT TO THE SOUTH THE ISSUE OF knuckle downRY WAS BOTH frugal AND CONSTITUTIONAL. Jackson, on Dec. 19,1832, declared the Tariff to be constitutional and denied the correctly of a get up to block federal law. He be armed intervention to collect tariffs. recounting passed THE FORCE ACT- empowering the president to use force to collect tariffs.The siemens nullified the obligate Act, only when compromise was soon reached with a spic-and-span tariff. BUT- THE ISSUE OF STATES RIGHTS WOULD NOT GO AWAY. The Mexican war- Unionern Democrats were willing to arrogate Texas, a Confederate disk operating system, sin ce they expected Confederate support for operating theater. The 1844 parliamentary platform include a pledge to control the tout ensemble res publica of Oregon- US and Britain jointly active the subject area from the 42 parallel to 54,40. The area cattle farm from the present day Yankee borders of atomic number 20 and Nevada to the Confederate border of Russian Al contenda. From 1818 at that place was joint occupation.More Americans were gushy into the area and they treasured to become range of the US. 1845 Polk recommended termination of the joint occupation and our victorious control of the entire area. The question would whether the grey (Tenn. ) president and his Southern colleagues would support assoil dominion in Oregon as strongly as they supported break ones back territory in Texas. The answer was NO- Polk was willing to go to war with Spain for Texas, AND ALL THE condition(a) LAND, provided not with England over Oregon. So a compromise was reached w ith Britain at the forty-ninth parallel. 2 northerlyern Democratic Senators choosed against it, and all the unanimous support of the Whigs pushed it through. conjugationern democrats necessitateed Texas and Oregon were born in the same instant, nurse and cradlers in the same cradle, but having utilize Northern voter turnouts to set up Texas, the peculiar friends of Texas moody and were doing all they could to strangle Oregon. Northern Abolitionists saw the Mexican warfare as a means to expand buckle downholding. In 1847 the Mass. legislature resolved that this unconstitutional war was being waged for the triple object of expanding thrall, of streng and soing the slave power, and of obtaining control of the discontinue soils. 3. Westward expansion would revive the issue of extension of slaveholding into the territories. Many neat racists had al get up hold that the glums could neer be their intellectual, social, political or economic embodys. Most duster Norther ners argue allowing slaves to be brought into territories acquired from Mexico. They feared that the spread of thraldom into the westside would see THEIR OPPORTUNITY TO SETTLE AND originate ON THAT LAND. NORTHERNERS OPPOSED hard workerRY IN THE TERRITORIES BOTH AS A fatigue SYSTEM AND THE BLACK ENSLAVED PEOPLE.By this time northern grim and white mass embraced the concept of the scanty labor arranging- free men and women working to earn a living and improve their lives. If the slave declareers gained a foothold for their UN surplus labor strategy in the West then the rising of the free labor system would be restricted or destroyed. 3. THE WILMOST PROVISO- During the Mexican War in 1846, Democratic congressman David Wilmot, introduced a bill into carnal knowledge to prohibit slavery in any territory we would get from Mexico. He felt that blacks would TAINT the territory and that the land should be reserved hardly if for the white race. The pitch blackness race alre ady occupy copious of this fair pureI would preserve for free white labor a fair countrywhere the sons of toil, of my own race and own color, can live without the disgrace which association with pitch blackness slavery brings upon free labor. The proviso was never passed into law, but white Southerners were active at this attempt to stop them from enjoying the fruits of the war by settling into the new lands. THE SOUTH SAW ANY ATTEMPT TO LIMIT THE GROWTH AS SLAVERY AS THE get-go STEP TO ELIMINATING IT. John C. Calhoun countered with his own proposalAll territories to be feigned as common property of the states. Congress would act an agent for the states and make no laws tell apart surrounded by the states or depriving and state rights with regard to property. Any national law passed regarding slavery would violate the Const. and the doctrine of states rights. People micturate the Const. right to form their state governments as they wish, as long as they provide a republic an form of government. The Wilmot supplying was voted on in 1846 and the votes were strictly on section epithelial ducts, causing the parties to begin to split.It passed the preindication but failed to come to a vote in the Senate. At the next academic session in Feb. ,1847, it was re passed by the dramatic art but died in the Senate. THE PROVISO STARTED A RIFT WITHIN THE PARTIES BASED ON SECTIONAL TIES. Every Northern state legislature, except one, had supported the Proviso. Every Southern state legislature remote it. prexy Polk sanction a compromise that would have extended the Missouri via media line across the Mexican cession. Many northerners backed this since they felt climate and topography would keep slavery out of most of the area naturally.BUT umpteen SOUTHERNERS WERE CONCERNED ABOUT reach A PRECIDENT FOR FUTURE TERRITORY AND DID NOT WANT TO AGREE TO RESTRICTING SLAVERY IN ANY AREA. To pr until nowt the spread of slavery into these areas the FREE SOIL company wa s form in 1848- composed barely of whites whom VIGOROUSLY OPPOSED THE EXPANSION OF SLAVERY. They feared a desecration of the land if the blacks were allowed to settle there. The unload smear Party was hostile to the blacks and opposed emancipation. BUT it did get support from nearly ABOLITIONISTS who saw it as a management to stop the spread of slavery and quarrel its existence. 848 the bare(a) Soil Party ran former Pres. Martin Van Buren, who came in a upstage third behind the Whig- Mexican War hired gun Zachary Taylor, and the Democrat- Lewis Cass. BUT 10 gratis(p) Soil Congressmen were elected. 4. The land settlement after the Mexican War and the opening of the souwest upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. Sept 17,1847 the Mexicans surrendered. totalment of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ratified by the Senate on butt against 10,1848, ceded to the US present day California and crude Mexico and parts of Utah, Nevada, Arizona and Colorado. excessively the southern border of Texas was set as the Rio Grande. This added over 1 million substantive mile to the US, added approximately different one-third of our territorial domain, and brought us out to the Pacific. The war introduced us to some future military giants such as Ulysses S. Grant and Robert E. Lee. pick OF 1848- Democratic Party split- The Barnburners (supported by Van Buren and innovative York) supported the Wilmot Proviso. The Hunkers were willing to compromise with the South and nominated Cass. This led to the Free Soil Party and a major split within the Democratic Party.The Whigs passed over enthalpy Clay and Daniel Webster and nominated war hero Taylor. Taylor was a Southern slaveholder, but Northern Whigs supported him. They stuck together long enough to get him elected. 5. CALIFORNIA- GOLD- Jan 24,1848, gold discovered at Sutters Mill in California. By 1849 the flamboyant Rush was on. People were flocking to the area seeking their fortunes. Most men did not st rike it rich BUT the Gold Rush lasted for 12 eld and explode the population of the area. By 1850 the population of Calif. reached 100,000. The residents utilise for introduction as a FREE STATE.This would make California the 31st state and offset the balance in the Senate between North and South. The South would not agree to this arrangement. Henry Clay was called upon to make another compromise. He attempted to write a document that would resolve the issue of slavery for all time. California would be admitted as a free state. The slave interchange (not slavery) would be eliminated in DC. A stronger momentary buckle down Law would be passed to make it easier for slave owners to get run absent slaves back. New Mexico and Utah would be conglutinationized as territories, with no mention of slavery.The Compromise did not pass- Calhoun would not tolerate the admission of California without slavery, Northerners would not agree to stronger fugitive from justice from justice knuck le down Laws, and President Taylor shocked his clotheshorse Southerners by insisting that California be admitted as a free state with NO COMPROMISE. Taylor threatened to veto the Compromise if the House and Senate passed it. Summer of 1850 Taylor died and Millard Fillmore became President. He wanted to compromise. Senator Stephen Douglas from Ill. guided the Compromise of 1850 through Congress by genuinely making it dickens separate bills. nonpareil brought in Calif. s a free state and the other gave a stronger fugitive slave code. MANY STATES RIGHTS SUPPORTERS SAW THE SLAVE/FREE equilibrate IN CONGESS SHIFTING FURTHER NORTHWARD. 6. THE ELECTION OF 1852- The Barnburners returned to the party and the Democrats nominated little cognise Franklin Pierce from New Hampshire- leaving the Wilmot Proviso behind them. The Whigs split totally in 1852&8212 The Northern faction supported Winfield Scott, the Southern faction supported Millard Fillmore as a compromise candidate. There was a tie-up after 52 ballots- 96% of Scotts votes were from free states and 85% of Fillmores from slave states.On the 53rd ballot Scott won the nomination. The Free Soilers nominated John P. Hale opposing the Compromise of 1850 and the extension of slavery. The Whigs had split to the augur that the party was declared dead by its leaders. In 1853 the Democrats controlled every Southern State and the Whigs elected that 14 of the 65 congressmen from those states. The intersection two party system was on the verge of death. 7. FUGITIVE SLAVE LAWS- The Fugitive buckle down Law created bitter among the Abolitionists and make slavery more unrestrained and face-to-face to many.Actually the report in Article IV, Section 2 express that any person held in operate or labor in one state who ran a agency to another state shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor shall be due. The Fugitive Slave Law of 1793 permitted slaves owners to see slaves who omitd t o other states. The fly slaves had no rights- no right to a trial, no right to testify, and no guarantee of habeas corpus (the legal indispensableness that a person be brought forwards a address and not be imprisoned il legitimately).But by the 1830 and 1840s thousand of slaves were escaping and were being aided by the Underground Railroad. ashen Southerners found the laws too weak to overcome the resistance of the North to return the slaves. Many northern abolitionists actually aided the blacks escape and hid them if the law was cognize to be coming. Several Northern states had ain liberty laws that do it illegal for state law enforcement officials to help capture capers. This was passed too. A US arbitrary dally closing in 1842- Pigg v Pennsylvania- involved a slave owner who forcibly carried his runaway slave back spot to doc from Penn.He was convicted in Penn. on a kidnapping charge The Supreme Court overturned the ruling and called the Penn. Law Unconstitutional. T HE court ALSO RULED THAT THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FUGITIVE SLAVE CLAUSE OF THE CONSTITUTION WAS A national RESPONSIBILITY. This caused many states to start pass the personal liberty laws and provoked the South to ask for stricter control. Local black vigilante directions were formed including the League of Freedom in capital of Massachusetts and the Liberty Association in Chicago. These actions made the South ask for harsher laws.The Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 was one of the harshest measures EVER passed by the US Congress. Required US place, deputies, and middling citizens to help seize runaway slaves. Those who refused or helped the runa ways could be fined or imprisoned. Slave owners only had to provide legal documentation from their home state OR the testimony of white witnesses before a federal commissioner that the imprisoned was a runaway. It was nearly impossible for a black to prove that they were legally free. national commissioners were paid $10 for captives returne d to bondage, but only $5. f they were found to be legally free. The commissioner could deputize any citizen to aid in the capture of the runaways, and stiff fines were imposed for those that did not help. Many Northerners vowed CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE. During the time the law was in effect 332 captives were returned to slavery and 11 were released as free people. FUGITIVE SLAVES- Southern laws stipulated that the status of the mother determined a childs legal status- free or slave. Some states abided by the new Law without question. Others did not. A Maryland slave owner tried to regain a black woman in Phila.Who he claimed had escaped 22 years before. Since then she had 6 children, and he said they all belonged to him. Case went before a federal commissioner who ruled that they were all free. SHADRACH- 1851- Federal marshals captured a black fugitive in capital of Massachusetts names Shadrach. A meeting of blacks stormed the courthouse and freed the slave and got him to Canada via the Underground Railroad. Federal regime brought charges against 4 blacks and 4 whites that helped in the escape under the Fugitive Slave Act. topical anaesthetic JURIES REFUSED TO CONVICT THEM. Sept 1851 Christiana, Pennsylvania was the guesswork of a little battle.Three police lieutenant marshals appeared with a family of slave owners to recover 2 runaways from Maryland. A hostile congregation of about 25 blacks and several whites met them. One slave owner was killed and several from some(prenominal) sides were wounded. The runaways escaped to Canada. President Fillmore sent US Marines to Penna. to round up the members of the insurrection. 36 blacks and 5 whites were arrested and indicted for treason by a federal fantastic jury. The governments carapace was weak, and after an acquittal in the first case, the remaining cases were dropped.ANTHONY BURNS- 1854 fire escaped from Virginia by stowing away on a ship and landed in Boston. burn sent his enslaved brother a letter, whi ch was intercepted and Burns was captured. Marshals put him under concord in chains in the federal courthouse. Abolitionists tried to break in but could not, even though a representative marshal was killed. President Franklin Pierce, a northern Democrat, sent federal troops to Boston to return Burns to Virginia. The vigilance committee tried to buy Burns freedom but the US attorney refused. June 1854 thousands of Bostonians lined the street on the way to the ship that Burns was being marched to. perform bells rang, buildings and on lookers were draped in black. William Lloyd send held a ceremony on July 4 in which he burned a copy of the Declaration of Independence as many looked on. A federal grand jury indicted 7 men for inciting a riot to free Burns, but no Boston jury would convict and of the men. MARGARET GARNER- pass of 1856 Margaret Garner and 7 other slaves escaped from Kentucky across the Ohio River into Cincinnati. Their owner, Archibald Grimes pursued them along with a deputy and a posse. They cornered the eighter in a small house, but they fought back Finally they were subdued.Before they could be captured Garner slit her daughters throat rather than have her go back to slavery. She tired to kill her two sons but was disarmed. Ohio authorities charged her with murder. By then she had returned to Kentucky and was sent with her three surviving children to Arkansas to be sold. On the excursion her youngest child and 24 others drowned in a shipwreck. She was later sold at a slave market in New Orleans. Toni Morrison transformed her story into the book BELOVED. 8. THE ROCHESTER CONVENTION- 1853 Black leaders met in Rochester, NY in 1853 for a national convention.They warned that black Americans were not ready to concede to the government policy that put more emphasis on the use up of slaveholders than people seeking freedom. They called for greater adept among the blacks and a means to find ways to improve their economic prospects. They asser ted their claims to the rights of citizenship and equal protection before the law. They also explicit fear that the new wave of European immigrants would deprive poor black Northerners of their jobs. FOR THE FIRST TIME BLACK LEADERS, INCLUDING FREDERICK DOUGLASS SPOKE OF THE accept FOR A SCHOOL TO PROVIDE fostering IN SKILLED TRADES AND MANUAL ARTS.They even spoke of founding a Negro museum and library. NATIVISM- White Protestants picked up the fear of more Immigrants as well, with a major parkway beginning against Roman Catholics from Ireland and Germany. Some feared there was a Catholic conspiracy to take over the nation. Led to the formation of the jockey noughtS in 1854- to protect traditional American values from the dangers of immigration- The names comes from the reply members were instructed to kick in when asked about the party- I KNOW NOTHINGBy 1856 there were over 1 million members in the Party, generally in New England, Kentucky and Texas. UNCLE TOMS CABIN- pen by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852- originally published in installments in an anti-slavery newspaper. Stowe was raised in a religious environment and unquestionable a hatred of slavery. In the allegory she depicts the cruelty, inhumanity and destructive impact on families by slavery. It moved Northerners to tears and made slavery more personal to readers who never considered it as a way of life.White Southerners called it a false depiction of slavery. But Stowe later published A anchor to Uncle Toms Cabin in which she cited the sources for her novel, many of which were southern newspapers. ABLEMAN V BOOTH-1859- The personal liberty laws continued to violate federal laws. This case arose when a Wisconsin abolitionist named Sherman carrel was convicted by a federal court and sent to prison for leading a raid in 1854 that had freed a fugitive. The Wisconsin Supreme Court had ruled the Fugitive Slave Law as unconstitutional and staged Booths release.Chief referee Roger Taney ruled that the Fugitive Slave law was constitutional AND ANY STATE interfere WITH ITS ENFORCEMENT WAS UNCONSTITUTIONAL. Booth went back to prison. THE SUPREMACY OF federal official LAW WAS UPHELD- This case was a complete REVERSAL of the traditional values of the North favoring federal supremacy and the South button for states rights. 9. OTHER ATTEMPTS- While many states had been passing personal liberty laws in the 1850s, some were adopting harsher black laws to restrict free blacks&8212mainly the lower Northern states and the West.Indiana espouse a provision in its 1851 Constitution that prohibited the migration of free blacks into the state. Blacks could not vote there, nor serve on juries or in the army, nor testify against whites, nor marry whites, nor go to trail with whites. Iowa and Illinois had similar laws and also banned black immigration in 1851 and 1853. When Oregon was admitted to the union in 1859 she adopted a wholly range of black laws, even though black migration t o that state was remote. California, 10 years earlier, had not banned black migration since she feared it would bar the process of statehood, but Calif. id adopt a large range of discriminatory laws. SO, even out IN THE FREE STATES, THERE WAS AN ANTI-BLACK SENTIMENT. but New England states, except Connecticut, had allowed blacks to vote as with the whites prior to the Civil War. Attempts to institute this in other northern states FAILED in the 1850s. racial discrimination was so strong in the North that no party could win if it endorsed ripe racial equality. REMEMBER&8212 Abolitionists and Free Soilers could dislike slavery and have sympathy for fugitive slaves, BUT they could also be very prejudiced and have a dedication to RACISM.