Research in Practice

adit Population growth and issues such(prenominal) as globalisation argon the briny drivers behind an increase in demand in the nutrient sector. agree to the USDA (2012), Processed soybean plants argon the worlds largest source of animal protein feed and the second largest source of vegetable petroleum. This stomach be dod as an indicator that on that point is a constant demand for soybean in the food industry.Whilst it is a position that the US be breaking winders in soy production, according to a turn over by the IDEI (2012), soybean is chief(prenominal)ly imported into the EU as there is high demand and a large variety of products that atomic number 18 made with or from soybean. In fact, demand exceeds its production (0.9 zillion dozens/ division) and imports reach around 30-35 million tons per year. France, for example, produces approximately 140,000 tons per year and imports around 4 million tons of soybean meals for animal consumption, including 0.5 millio n tons of seeds.This type of issue has external and internal agents that could influence the PESTEL factor of governments within the EU. This is specially pertinent in Poland where economic dependency is on imports or on a small number of key suppliers. Nevertheless, incompatible issues trick be analysed in order to identify these types of problems, but bingle of the main factors is the controversy of GM and non-GM soybeans. The EU legislations refer to the non-authorization of the GM soybean and other GM crops in the EU, and authorization of high levels of import of GM soybean. This reddentually means that 50% of soybean meals imported include GM. Nevertheless, issues such as the release cosmic string and the end consumers tend to be fire in healthier foods, and where the hindquarters of the soy protein ingredients could take place. Therefore, the study of the show mountain train and adaptation of appropriate strategies may affect the increase in efficiency and profita bility.Literature Review Foc development on the conception of return chain, there are several studies set abouted at understanding where a universal view on the render chain is found. For example, according to Simchi-Levi et. al (2007), it is distinctly seen that the interpret chain involves developing an efficiency for all of the inputs, while spill through a process of transformation and coming up with the outputs using the best manageable strategy. This has led to the information of new tactics and strategies in term of operational and planning processes of the make out chain (Simchi-Levi et al., 2004) noneetheless, Kreipl and Pinedo (2004) return discussed that in order to achieve a successful operation, there should be a gracious planning of supply chain and goal setting. With an account of the livelong structure of the constitution including micro and macro technological and financial factors (Lambert & Cooper, 2000 Bowersox et al., 2002), the supply chain is world studied in many different variations such as strategic and tactics. However, in simple business conceptuality, it is mainly roughly receiving minimum costs and predicting movement of the business.In order to be to a greater extent specific, according to various look intoers, there are five main factors that are refer with supply chain heed such as the use of outsource teams (Bal et al, 1999) and according to Christopher (2000), the incorporation of processes which spread the risks but also the income. This can lead to better ICT skills (Morash, 2001) and also helps with a long-term descent with the suppliers (Schonsleben, 2000).On the other hand, there are cases where wrong planning and seemation lead to relationship issues betwixt partners and therefore, the production process. In order to ensure these issues are avoided, a coordination of the managers in different departments should be presented (GEMI, 2004). According to Anderson and Tushman (1990) and Christensen (2003), it major power be overlapped by being more(prenominal) innovatively structured within the existing grocery store, or as Griffin and Page (1996) argue, being new in the commercializeplace in foothold of the first mover. On the other hand, Sebastiao and Golicic (2008) combine the twain views and argue that the success of a company is establish on the development of the supply chain such as the dynamics of the merchandise.Frazelle (2002) states that the entire organisation across the supply chain should co-ordinate in order to maximise shareholder and customer cost through manners such as depth psychology of the measurement from operations, vertical integration which collaborates the logistics and logistics services.The changes in international business have led to changes in the supply chain and pose many questions towards these changes and the strategies that should be taken by companies (Christopher, 2005), Hopkin (2010) adds to this perception and argues that sup ply chain management becomes even more important due to global business. Nontheless, according to Bozart and Handfield (2006), the companys survival depends on the way that the supply chain managers operate it. The confidential information point of supply chain managers is the ability to create a rivalrous advantage (Klassen and Johnson, 2004).Lavoie (2005) provides an example of the artless product, wheat, in which the importance of the supply chain and the logistical performance are more dynamic in than plainly the competition even though the process differs due to difference in handing and supply chain process. The price differs by grade of protein and other characteristics.According to the USDA, forecasts for vegetable protein demand in 2011 have grown compared to previous geezerhood which means that the availability of meal from South America force be lowered and this might be seen as opportunity for the USA to fatten up its share of the graduate soybean meal. (Agata Ki ngsbury, 2011) Thesis statement The main aim of this seek is to allocate the supply chain of the soybean in Poland, the main producers, especially the main consumers and customers, and to allocate gaps in the marketplace which could be seen as uphill business opportunities. There should be an understanding of the latest entropy and the major stakeholders of this fact market and industry. This could last identify gaps in the market, and might be a useful tool for market research in emerging members of the EU such as Poland, eventually creating latent strategies for administration of a business in this specific industry.The following research could be actioned with secondary and native feather research which is available through major artless institutions and different major players of the market, such as traders but mainly comes from the users of the soybean in Poland. There go out be a comparison with Non-EU markets as they are part of the stakeholders and exporters. W ith the allocation of the existing organisations in Poland, there might be an outcome for probable difference markets. There leave alone therefore be primary research such as consultations with professionals included.Methodology Philosophy of StudyThe devil following philosophies of Positivism and Interpretivism are going to be examined during the research of the emerging opportunities in the Polish market with soybeans. The first theory allow for be looking at other theories and attempting to generalise them through looking at their outcomes both in and observable social reality which eventually can lead to gathering of relevant entropy such as by looking at the market performance in Poland and trying to affiliate it to the concept of growth in the market and thinkable market gaps in EU food industry (Remenyi et al., 1998).On the other hand, there allow be the use of an interpretivistic approach throughout the analysis of the converses with the different soy producers a nd traders in Poland and other countries in the EU so as to non-EU members such as Ukraine, and finally, when evaluating the research findings found on the interviews for the industry professionals.Approach This research will mainly analyse business opportunities in the Polish Soybean market in the food production sector and is going to be conducted using the inductive approach.According to Bryman and Bell (2007), this limited(prenominal) system is the relationship between theory and the research that is being undertaken and finally, trying to evaluate and create a theory or concept out of the research. As in this particular research, there will be an analysis and study of the soybean in Poland and attempts to evaluate the issues that might relate to theory and concept which are the possibilities to market opportunities in Poland as an EU member, possibly become a European leader in producing soybean food products and potentially create possible strategies to develop the Soybean food industry in Poland by eruditeness its implications and potential growth.Purpose of searchExplanatory research tends to be conducted by the researcher as the initial research requires the use of a decent amount of surveys to indicate the main topics for subsequent research. Consequently, I will conduct research of emerging possibilities in the Soybean industry in Poland and the EU and its possible growth and development, possibly finding challenges in the market of the food industry in Poland by looking at data analysis, eventually being able to develop a strategized correlation. Therefore, the soft data that will be researched may allow this understanding and will adopt a clear vision of possibilities at relatively new markets. This particular method could be seen the or so appropriate out of the three methods for this type of study (Lee, Collier & Cullen, 2007) interrogation Design As the main research focuses on the Soybean market in Poland and its effect on the food ind ustry in Poland and the EU, I will be studying these particular industries and their potential growth and strategic analysis and finally, recommendations.Therefore, the study will involve a case study of large multinational companies that are mainly compulsive the industry in term of their size and pricing. These companies include Cargill, Topfer, Bunge, Desmet Ballesetra, EuroFin and other possible American and EU organisations that can be found throughout the season of the research. According to Saunders et al., there is a carry for using various companies for research in order to gain a better understanding and install the relevant data necessary for the research. The Mmin purpose in the collection fight from these companies is due to the fact that they are deeply involved in the market and have strong forces of influence on it.An important factor is to interview these companies and their regional director in order to begin to create an render of the Polish soybean market a nd its supply chain, and finding the reasons of why and what could be done better.Another important issue is why Polish is being studied and this is due to the fact that it is relatively new market and a new member of the EU with large potential in terms of development and its geographical and logistical preferences.Sample Size In this particular research, the sample will inhabit mainly of the Polish Soybean market and companies motioned above that are operated in Poland. As these soybean companies in Poland are European members, there will be an analysis of the EU soybean market and the main aspects of the supply chain of this particular business. I expect the sample size to grow over the diaphragm of this research.Secondary Research As mentioned earlier, there will be a study of the supply chain of the business. Therefore, there is a need to provide secondary data drawing on books on supply chain, statistics of worldwide agricultural figures and changes, and ledger articles of the companies performance. In order to indicate the performance of the market and any potential gaps in Polish soybean market which eventually could lead to plausible data for business strategy, there will be other sources that are provided by the case study such as reports and presentations of new strategies and their supply chain.Primary ResearchFurthermore, there is a need to research primary data, based on direct interactions with the studied area and the main companies involved in the industry. There is also a need to study the agricultural polish department in terms of regulation and understanding the authentic business in terms of legality, and to eventually conduct an analysis based on primary findings from processing companies in the food industry in Poland in the case of the Non-GMO soybeans. In this particular research, the most suitable method for primary research is a direct interview technique which consist of mostly semi-structured interviews.There will be five inte rviews in append that will be taken during the summer of 2013. One interview will take place with the CEO of the multinational company Bunge and another interview will be conducted with the CEO of other similar company MNC Toepfer. In both interviews, the main focus of the conversation will be the relationship of companies in Poland on their activates of business in Poland, from their trading perspective and so as manufacturing and relationship with local producers. Such as their supply chain, or challenges that they face in this field in Poland, so as their main reasons for entering these specific markets.Another interview will take place with a non EU member but also a major importer to Europe of Non-GMO soybean. This is the Ukrainian company ATK. The main aspect of this interview is to research the soybean market in terms of its production in the EU and the main links of food producers. Geographically, Ukraine has a potential for business in Poland with the Soybean, especially as Ukraine is one of the largest agricultural exporters in the worldTwo more interviews will be conducted with the Polish Soybean Extracting company Zlato Zerno and one with the inelegant Ministry office in Poland. These interviews will be conducted to understand the actual concept of Non-GMO and the role of soy in the food sector in Poland and the EU.In terms of reliability and validity of the data, there may be bitstock of challenges such as whether the companies would like to provide the needed information, and if so, whether it would be based on academic material and world financial organisations such as the USDA. Ethical Issues The main ethical issues that might arise involve the primary research. When companies are studied, particularly private enterprises where there is a lack of transparency, there might be protection of particular data. Another factor is that most of the interviews are going to be conducted in foreign languages such as Ukrainian, Polish, and Russian and t herefore, there will be a need for displacement reaction in order to avoid misunderstanding of the cultural differences in terms of language.Resources When referring back to the primary research, there are a variety of places that the interviews are going to take place in such as Warsaw, Kiev, Krakow, and potentially in Belgium. Interviews will take place over a two-month period of summer and shall end in London for evaluations.and further interviews on Skype or via e-mails.Conclusion Considering the growth of globalisation, the increase of border-free trade between different countries, the prominent increase in migration and population growth and the rise in concern for healthier products and a more sustainable environment, there is a need for food processing with constant growth in this particular area.This particular research is aimed at covering the knowledge in this industry and sphere, so as to conduct strategic analysis and eventually to make outcomes on the development of the food industry in Poland, within the context of Non-GMO soybean, and its potential growth, by looking at Poland and so as Europe and non European member which are geographically European.BibliographyAnderson, P., and Tushman, M.L. 1990. Technological Discontinuities andDominant Designs A orbitual Model of Technological Change. Administrative Science Quar- terly 2560433.Babcock, B.A Beghin, J. (1999). Potential trade for Non-GMO Corn andSoybeans. Availablehttp//ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/18294/1/bp990027.pdf. fail accessed 15th Apr 2013.Bal, J., Wilding, R. & Gundry, J. (1999).Virtual Teaming in the agile contribute string, multinational ledger of Logistics Management, 10(2). 71-82Banaszkiewicz, T . (2011). Nutritional judge of Soybean Meal .Availablehttp//cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/19972/InTech-Nutritional_value_of_soybean_meal.pdf. get going accessed 14th Apr 2013.Bozarth, C. and Handfield, R.B., 2006. Introduction to operations and supply chainmanagement. Upper Saddle River, N.J. Pearson Education Inc., Polish edition Helion S.A., Gliwice, 2007, 27- 38.Brookes, G . (2008). Economic impacts of low level presence of not yet authoriseGMOs on the EU food sector. Available http//www.ferm-eu.org/downloads/LLP%20finalreportGBrookes.pdf. Last accessed 16th Apr 2013.Bryman, A and Bell, E (2011). Business Research Methods. 3rd ed. NYC OxfordUniversity Press Inc. p. 62-63, 712-720.Chicago bill of Trade. (2004). Futures Markets provide the mechanism to ensurefairly consistent prices for grains, soybeans, and processed foods.Available http//agmarketing.extension.psu.edu/ trade good/PDFs/grainsoybean_future.pdf. Last accessed 11th Apr 2013.Chen I.J., Paulraj A., 2004. Towards a theory of supply chain management theconstructs and measurements. Journal of Operations Management, 22, 119-150.Christensen, C.M. 2003. The Innovators Dilemma. wise York harpist CollinsPublishers.Christopher, M. (2000).The Agile submit Chain, Industrial Marketing Management,29(1). 37-44.Christopher M., 2004. Supply fetter A Marketing perspective. In S. parvenu and R.Westbrook (Eds). Understanding Supply Chains, 23-42. unused York Oxford University Press Inc., 23-41.Christopher M., 2005. Managing the supply chain of the future setting the researchagenda. Logistics Research Network Conference, Plymouth, 7-9.09.2005.Cooper, M. C. & Ellram, L. M. (1993).Characteristics of Supply Chain Managementand the Implication for Purchasing and logistics Strategy, The International Journal of Logistics Management, 4(2). 13-24.Dr Lusas, E. (1996). MODERN TEXTURISED SOY PROTEINS PREPARATIONAND USES. Available http//www.asaim-europe.org/Backup/pdf/texturised.pdf. Last accessed 14th Apr 2013.Frazelle, E (2002). Supply Chain Strategy The Logistics of Supply ChainManagement. London McGraw Hill. p313.Giraud-Heraud, E. (2012). International Market For Soybeansc Oexistence Of GMAnd Non-GM intersections. Institut dEconomie Industrielle. Availablehttp//www.idei.fr/fdir/wp-content/ uploads/2012/newsletter7.pdf . Last accessed 12th Apr 2013.Global Environmental Management Initiative (GEMI). 2004. Forging New Links.Enhancing Supply Chain Value Through Envi-ronmental Excellence. Washington.Griffin, A., and Page, A.L. 1996. PDMA Success Measure- ment ProjectRecommended Measures for Product Devel- opment Success and Failure. Journal of Product Innovation Management 1347896.Hopkin P., 2010. rudiments of risk management. Understanding, evaluating andimplementing effective risk management. London Kogan Page, 214-215.Ivanov, D., Sokolov, B., and Kaeschel, J., 2009a. A multi-structural framework foradaptive supply chain planning and operations with structure dynamics considerations. European Journal of Operational ResearchJideani, V. A. . (2011). Functional Properties of Soybean Food Ingredients in FoodSystems . Available http//cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/15717/InTech-Functional_properties_of_soybean_food_ingredients_in_food_systems.pdf. Last accessed 12th Apr 2013.Johnson , P. and Clark,M (2006). Mapping the terrain an overview of business and management research methodologies, London. SageKahn, R. Cannell, C (1975). The Dynamics of Interviewing. New York andChichester Wiley.Kingsbury, A. (2011). Opportunities Emerge in Polands Feed Component Market.Availablehttp//agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/MarketReport/Reports/Poland_Feed_report.pdf. Last accessed 18th Apr 2013.Kingsbury, A. (2011). emanation Grain Prices Provide Unexpected Surprise for the NewYear. Availablehttp//gain.fas.usda.gov/ novel%20GAIN%20Publications/The%20New%20Expensive%20Year%20_Warsaw_Poland_1-4-2011.pdf. Last accessed 20th Apr 2013.Klassen R.D. Johnson P. F., 2004. The Green Supply Chain. In New, S. andWestbrook R. (Eds). Understanding Supply Chains. Concepts, Critiques and Futures. Oxford Oxford University Press, 229-246Kreipl, S. and Pinedo, M., 2004. Planning and scheduling in supply chains anoverview of issues in practice. doing and Operations Management, 13 (1), 7792Lambert, D.M . and Cooper, M.C., 2000. Issues in supply chain management.International Marketing Management, 29 (1), 6583Lavoie, N. 2005 Price contrariety in the Context of Vertical Differentiation AnApplication to Canadian drinking straw trades. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 87Lee, B, Colier, P.M, and Cullen, J. (2007). Reflection on the Use of Case Studies inthe accounting, management and organisational disiplines, Qualitative research n organisation and management An international Journal, 2(3) 167-78Morash, E. A. (2001).Supply Chain Strategies, Capabilities and Performance,Transportation Journal, 41(1). 37-54.Riaz, M. (2006).Soybeans bear on into Ingredients.Availablehttp//www.wishh.org/workshops/intl/southafrica/sept06/riaz1-sept06.pdf.Last accessed 15th Apr 2013.Prusinski, J. (2008). Is the needs in Poland the second PR 4. Biuletyn PolishAssociation of Feed Producers , Vol. 61, No.4/5,108-113, ISSN 0081-4539Remenyi, D. Williams, B. Money, A. Swartz, E (1998). Diong researc h in bueinessand management An Introduction to process and method. London. SageRobson, C (2002). Real World Research. 2nd ed. Oxford. Blackwell.Saunders, M. Lewin, P. Thornhill, A. (2009). Analysing qualitative data. Researchmethods for business students. 5th ed. England Person Education Limited.P.106-126, 136-146, 168-173,256-259, 480-498, 318-351.Schonsleben, P. (2000).with Agility and adequate to(predicate) Partnerships Strategies towardsEffective Logistics Networks, Computers in Industry, 42(1). 33-42.Scott C and Westbrook R (1991), New Strategic Tools for Supply ChainManagement, International Journal of Physical Distribution and LogisticsManagement, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 23-33.Sebastiao, H.J., and Golicic, S.L. 2008. Supply Chain Strat- egy for Nascent Firmsin Emerging Technology Mar- kets. Journal of Business Logistics 21(1)7591.Simchi-Levi, D., Wu, S.D. and Zuo-Yun, S., eds, 2004. Handbook of quantitativesupply chain analysis. New York Springer.Simchi-Levi, D. 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Incarceration vs Rehabilitation

Incarceration vs. Rehabilitation Over the past few decades, Ameri dirty dog juvenile justice indemnity has become progressively more disciplinary, as shown by the increasing harsh nature of the tempers imposed on juveniles who have been judged delinquent or guilty, as well as by the marked increase in the number of states in which juveniles can be tried During the 1990s, in particular, legislatures across the country enacted statutes under which growing rime of youths can be prosecuted in criminal courts and sentenced to prison.Indeed, today, in almost all state juvenile from ages 13 to 14 or less can be tried and punished as bountifuls for a broad shake off of offenses, including nonviolent crimes. Even within the juvenile system, punishments have grown increasingly severe. It is generally accepted that intense public concern nearly the curse of youth crime has driven this trend, and that the public defys this legislative inclination toward increase correctiveness. And yet, it is not clear whether this view of the publics attitude about the appropriate response to juvenile crime is accurate.On the one hand, various flavor surveys have found public support generally for getting tougher on juvenile crime and punishing youths as harshly as their adult counterparts. At the same time, however, study of the sources of information about public ruling reveals that the view that the public supports adult punishment of juveniles is based largely on either responses to highly publicized crimes such as groom shootings or on mass opinion polls that typically ask a few simple questions.For example, several surveys have found public support for rehabilitation as a goal of juvenile justice policy and also for agreements and programs that are alternatives to prison. One survey found that participants thought that school discipline, rather than imprisonment, was the best way to reduce juvenile crime. It is quite practical that assessments of public emotion about j uvenile crime, and the appropriate response to it, set off greatly as a function of when and how public opinion is determined.An assessment of the publics support for various responses to juvenile offending is primary(prenominal) because policymakers often justify outflows for disciplinary juvenile justice reforms on the foothold of popular demand for tougher policies. Disciplinary responses to juvenile crime are out-of-the-way(prenominal) more expensive than less harsh alternatives. Further, there is little consequence that these more corrective policies are more effective in deterring time to come criminal activity.

Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil Essay

Question 8 Danny Hansford is only unitary of the many people whose violent destructions we learn about in the blood line of Midnight in the garden of Good and Evil. Judging by their stories, what does savanna (or savannah society) deem grounds for murder? Why are so hardly a(prenominal) of Jim Williams friends disturbed by the charges against him? Given the casualness with which savannaians greet the Hansford case, wherefore are they so take aback by the news p. 333 that their city has been say the murder capital of the United States?*Answer In the beginning, Jim goes over the deaths that confuse happened in Savannah while the others are blinded by their selfishness. For compositors case One of the stories known in the Savannahs society is the death of the judges son. It all started when the son of the judge had an imitate alliance with the gangsters girl sooner or later the alpha finds out about these rendezvous. As a result, the gangster shot the male child and took his manhood with him. The following days, the young fellow recovered swiftly with his testicles by his side but unfortunately the doctors couldnt repair a upturned heart.At last, his misery ended when he collapsed on the front porch, eupneic his last breath as Death took his life. The death of this boy was forgotten by the Savannahs society showing no empathy/ emotions towards his death. The few friends of Jim were disturbed because rumors have it that Jim was homosexual and had a sexual relationship with Danny Hansford (***Remember, the Savannahs society was old-fashioned and didnt believe in these kinds of relations.) The Savannahians were shocked about their murder rate because in their minds, they thought they had an outlined of 1,000 unconcerned suburbanites not sufficient to raise their murder rate. They were positive that the statistics was a mistake. Savannah had 54 murders/ or 22. 6 murders per 100,000 Savannahs society accuse the deaths on the African Americans because 91 % of their population was blacks. Works Cited Berendt, John. Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. Random House, 1994.

Internal Control and Risk Evaluation

A risk is the chance of a negative event occurring. Internal determines be policies and procedures set in place to reduce the occurrence of an associated risk. Risks ar neer entirely eliminated however, knowledgeable controls help reduce the occurrence and balance the risk. This instruct will discuss the risks of Kudler Fine Foods current accounting Information System (AIS). In addition, the internal controls designed to mitigate the risks. Furthermore, this abbreviated evaluates the internal controls for the AIS.Last, this brief addresses other controls, outside of the AIS that Kudlers may pauperisation. differentiate Risks According to Hunton, Bryant, and Bagranoff (2004), business concern enterprises face a variety of risks, including business, take stock, security, and continuity risks. dividing line risk means the company may non achieve its goals and objectives. A review of Kudlers strategic plan will help meet the business risk. The adoption of the new Just-In- Time (JIT) inventory system would be an IT time risk. An IT timing risk is an example of an internal business risk that Kudler would face.An audit risk is the likeliness that Kudlers external auditor would make a mistake in his or her opinion of the financial statements. Audit risks are broken down further into infixed, control, and detection risks. Every business has inherent risk because doing business is risky in itself. Control risks are the likelihood the internal controls the company has in place would not prevent a material mistake. Detection risks are the likelihood the audit procedure would not detect material errors. Security risks involve data access and integrity. The AIS converts bare-assed data into useful information.To ensure the data integrity, Kudler will need to control the risks associated with collecting and processing the data. By implementing the JIT inventory system and point of deal system, data is processed as soon as something purchased from the stor es. This mitigates human error under the old system. Continuity risks are associated with the AIS availability, backup, and recovery. Kudlers will need to implement stronger firewalls and larger servers. This will ensure when Kudlers does business online, customers will be able to access the website at any given time. whatever down time of the website would be potential loss of business. Internal Controls care must design and implement the internal controls. However, this is just two steps of the control process. Management must evaluate the controls for effectiveness. Kudlers size would not necessitate an internal auditor however, an external auditor would be upright in testing the effectiveness of the controls. In addition, Kudlers would need to schedule policies and procedures to establish an audit trail. According to Bagranoff, Simkin, and Strand, (2008, p. 50-251), these documents should include 1. A chart of accounts (with the procedure of each general ledger account) 2. A complete description of author documents individuals must use to record accounting transactions 3. A oecumenical description of the authority and responsibility assigned to each individual Controls removed the AIS Kudler faces other external threats as well. These threats can be reduced by securing the AIS with firewalls, anti-virus, anti-spam, and other anti-spyware software. This will deter any potential hacker from accessing hole-and-corner(a) information.Whereas, the software will not completely eliminate the risks involved with doing business over the Internet or remotely from each store, the risks will be greatly reduced. Conclusion Risk assessment and internal controls are spanking to Kudlers continued success. Kudler will need to monitor the effectiveness of the internal controls once the new JIT inventory system is in place. In addition, instruction will need to assess the risks associated with expanding business. However, these risks are balanced out by the expected increase in business transactions to ensure Kudlers lasting success.

Becoming a Better Leader

You offert polish a sneaker an horrible sneaker is an ugly sneaker. When applied to a leader, some people susceptibility think that a good leader is born. However, history has sh protest that leaders be non exactly born. While observers are inclined to believe that any individual has innate capabilities of becoming a leader, not everybody is able to get them.Biographies of great leaders show that their willingness and creativity in addressing the demands of their environment helped aim their capabilities.A classic example was Gandhi of India who did nothing grand but was able to lead millions of his countrymen to action. By simply staying at home and using his loom to cast his clothing materials, he was able to show that it was possible for India to develop its own industry and become independent of Great Britain (Blagg and Young, 2001).A good leader should not only learn to say no and I dont know. He or she should have the courage to tell people the serious realities n o matter how adverse, but should be able to help them act with such realities.As John Kotter once said, Great leadership does not esteem running away from realitySometimes the hard truths might alone demoralize the company, but at other times sharing difficulties can inspire people to take action that will make the built in bed better (Blagg and Young, 2001).Leadership, therefore, involves meeting issues head-on and calling a spade a spade. It is consecutive that a good leader attracts criticisms. He who is never criticized is not doing anything substantial or creative.Who was it who said that One cant enliven everybody? Since harsh criticisms come from people who were not pleased or were endanger by ones actions, surely others must have been genial or gratified. It might be a cliche but it is true that a coin has two sides.In like manner, an expert at the Harvard channel School was once quoted as saying that There are wads of people who look and act like managers, who hav e excellent managerial skills, and who dont make a lot of noise.Nobody is writing speak stories about them (Joseph Badaracco as cited in Blagg and Young, 2001). An individual who is never censured, reproached, or appreciated, dismantle if he or she is a manager is not a leader.He is somebody who is not exceptional someone who is simply mediocre. Reference Blagg, D. & Young, S. (2001). What Makes A full(a) Leader. Harvard Business School Bulleting. Retrieved February 17, 2008 from http//www. alumni. hbs. edu/bulletin/2001/february/leader. html

Analyse Different Ways in Which You Would Establish Ground Rules with Your Learners, Which Underpin Appropriate Behaviour and Respect for Others.

In my current role as a Trainer/Assessor, I work with Apprentices delivering theory and NVQs. To achieve mention and appropriate behaviour from learners, clear boundaries and rules are take ond within which we tail end work, and it is paramount that these are prepared early so everyone knows the limits. Ann Gravells (2008) defines All learners require boundaries and rules within which to work. Setting ground rules will helper everyone know their limits. As all students are different, consequently they will all have their have unique panache of looking at life.Teachers need to manage their classes in order to accommodate everyones needs and expectations. The College will have policies regarding wellness and Safety which will be non-negotiable. Some rules such as no smoking in the classroom will be accepted by everyone as this is backed up by legislation. Other rules such as no drinks in the classroom will not be so generally acceptable, especially to those who consider themselve s as responsible adults who have rush along from work to get to college and need refreshments. There are numerous ways to determine ground rules with learners.When teaching I will prepare a timetable for the learners to receive beforehand with the place and time they will start and what they essential bring with them. I arrive early so I sack up organise the room and set forth resources. I will grateful learners and then go through some housekeeping (where the toilets and emergency exits are). I then establish ground rules that I feel appropriate, i. e. be punctual, nomadic phones on silent and respect others. I next ask the learners what rules they compulsion and this will give them ownership of these rules.I would also refer them to the College Learners Handbook, The way we do things round here (see page 5) and the Teacher and Learner pack together (copy attached). The resulting ground rules form the backbone of both respect and discipline and help the group and myself bo nd and start a healthy student/ instructor relationship. If a ground rule is broken, it is the other students that will point it out and this enforces group discipline. Bibliography Gravells, A. (2008) Preparing to Teach in the Lifelong culture Sector, 3rd Edition, Exeter, Learning Matters Ltd. p7.

Comprehensive Health Assessment Paper Essay

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the results of a comprehensive health opinion on a patient role of my choosing. This comprehensive assessment let ind the patients assoil health history and a intellect-to-toe physical examination. The complete health history information was obtained by interviewing the patient, who was considered to be a veritable source. Other sources of data, much(prenominal) as medical records, were non available at the time of the interview. Physical examination data was obtained through inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation techniques. The case national results atomic number 18 interpreted from the perspective of a registered nurse, and three nursing diagnoses argon identified.Biographic DataM. H. is a 63-year-old married white female. She is currently laid-off for four months. Her intimately novel employment of seven years was as a private place health aid for a booster units elderly parents who fool since passed away. She wa s born in Buffalo, New York into a family of German decent. She currently lives in a suburb of Buffalo, N. Y. English is her chief(a) language.Culture and SpiritualityM. H. was elevated in a traditional German family where her father was the head of the family unit. However, her father and mother made m whatever decisions inversely and shared household chores (Purnell, 2014). Her father was an Air Force pilot during domain War II, and consequently worked as a chemical engineer until retirement. The household atmosphere was loving and respectful. She and her five siblings were brought up as Roman Catholics. They were evaluate to be polite, use table manners, be on-time to meals, respect their elders, do as they were told, share, finish their chores originally recreating, get good grades in school, pray before meals and at bedtime, and attend church e really Sunday and on consecrated days (Purnell, 2014). Past health HistoryWhen she was a child, M. H. did not guard some(pr enominal) serious illness, nor does she have any chronic illnesses currently. She did, however, have a severe case of chickenpox when she was about 3-years-old, and shingles about 18 years ago. M. H. has not been in any major accidents or had any life-threatening injuries during her life. She has been hospitalized 2 times for childbirth. Her obstetric history includes Gravida 2/ bound 2/Preterm 0/Abortion 0/Living 2. Both births were hick vaginal deliveries.Surgical history includes tubal ligation at age 24, and remotion of benign cysts in her left breast, left cheek, and left wrist surrounded by the years 1998-2003. All of her childhood vaccinations are up to interlocking. She gets vaccinated for influenza almost every year, but she did not get vaccinated this season. She receive the varicella zoster virus vaccine in February, 2015 no reactions noted. Her hold water tetanus shot was more 10 years ago. She denies ever having been open(a) to tuberculosis (TB), and nor has she ever had a TB skin test (Jarvis, 2012).M. H. sees her first-string atomic number 101 every year for a physical. Her ultimately physical was in February, 2014. She to a fault sees her dentist annually for a check-up and cleaning. She is currently scheduled for April, 2015. As a child she never needed corrective lenses, but for the last 15 years she has needed glasses for reading. Therefore, her vision is checked annually, most recent appointment having been in January, 2015. Because she has a history of benign cysts in her breast tissue, she gets a mammogram every five years. Her last mammogram was in 2010. Results of her knocker tests have never been ab familiar. She cannot recall the date of her last gynecological exam. She also gets a coloscopy every couple of years, since her father died of colon cancer.In telling to allergies, M. H. has no k at a timen drug allergies. Current over-the-counter medications include an effortless 400-600 mg dose of ibuprofen for aches and pain s, a daily vitamin, and melatonin for insomnia, and antacids, such as Tums, for her heartburn. Her current prescription medications include a 225 mg tablet of Venlafaxine HCL oncedaily for care link up dizziness, and a 20 mg tablet of Atorvastatin for high cholesterin. She drinks alcohol socially, approximately two 12 ounce beers a day. She is a former smoker of ane pack of cigarettes a day for nearly forty years. Her quite date was September, 2011. She denies the use of street drugs.Review of SystemsM. H. states that she is generally in good boilers suit health. No cardiac, respiratory, endocrine, vascular, musculoskeletal, urinary, hematologic, neurologic, genitourinary, or gastrointestinal problems. No history of skin disease. tegument is pink, dry, and void of bruising, rashes, or lesions. No recent hair loss head is normocephalic. Pupils equally reactive to light no history of glaucoma or cataracts. Ears are in normal alignment no history of chronic infections, hearing l oss, tinnitus, or top. Nose and sinus history includes clear nasal discharge since last October, and casual nose bleeds states she use to get nose bleeds frequently as a child. Mouth and throat are absent of lesions no bleeding gums, sore throat, dysphagia, hoarseness, or altered taste. Neck is void of pain, swelling, offer up nodes, and goiter full range of motion.M.H. states that she performs self breast exams routinely and denies any lumps or discharge. Lungs are clear peripheral pulses present bilaterally capillary vessel refill less than 3 seconds. Heart rate is in normal sinus. Bowel sounds are present in all quadrants. Her psychosocial status is earmark. M. H. denies recent weight change, weakness, fever, sw eat, or fatigue (Jarvis, 2012). Abnormal findings include an elevated cholesterol level, which is also familial. Furthermore, she has a history of speech pattern related anxiety, and was diagnosed with anxiety related dizziness in 2012. She states that before she st arted taking a medication her restitute prescribed, her dizzy spells could happen at any time. As a result, she avoids accredited situations, such as riding in a boat.Functional mindAfter graduating from Bryant and Stratton business school in her early twenties, M. H. spent 15 years as a manager of several apartment complexes. She then worked as a manager of a retail mini-mart for the next 15 years until she got layed-off. Meanwhile, with the help of her siblings, she wastaking care of her elderly mother, her mothers husband, and elderly mother-in-law until they all passed away. Shortly after these events, friends hired her to care for their parents, and now they have passed away. However, she still helps the friends by cleaning their house, completing simple home improvement tasks, and going grocery store shopping and ruuning errands for them.M. H. lives with her husband of 42 years. She was raised Roman Catholic, believes in God, but does not attend church prescribedly. She s tates that she is an h wizst, hard-working woman. She takes her mark for a walk several times a day for exercise, and is free lance in her activities of daily living. She and her husband enjoy time with family and friends, and host dinners and get-togethers often. Her hobbies include sewing, upholstery, and gardening. Getting 6-8 hours sleep at night is M. H.s normal pattern, although she has occasional stress-related insomnia.She states she tries to eat healthy, is aware of good versus bad food choices, and does not have any food intolerances. Both her husband and she share the cooking and grocery shopping duties (Jarvis, 2014). A typical daily diet includes a niggling bowl of whole grain cereal with skim milk or a protein shake for breakfast, soup and/or sandwich for lunch, and a rail of lean meat with a vegetable side for dinner. She and her husband at times order pizza, get a fish fry on Fridays during lent, or go out for Chinese food. Normal elimination pattern includes on e or two bowel movements a day she has no problems urinating, although if she drinks regular coffee, it will cause urinary frequency.In regards to interpersonal relationships, she has a very strong relationship with her siblings and their families, her husbands family, and her children and their families. She enjoys caring for her grandchildren on an as needed basis. She qualifies time spent alone as productive and/or relaxing, stating everyone needs a little time alone to work on their own projects (Jarvis, 2014). She considers her neighborhood, house, and work environment safe. She states she has the typical stresses of life, like making notes to pay bills, repairing their old house, and being married andhaving a family.Conclusion found on the results of the comprehensive assessment data, M. H. is a relatively healthy person, who has not had any serious or life-threatening medical problems during her life. She presents with anxiety and anxiety related dizziness that is currently under control with medication. She follows up with her physician and other health care professions on a regular basis, eats healthy, and takes her medications as prescribed. She also has a healthy psychosocial status with family and friends.From a nursing perspective, three nursing diagnoses apply to M. H. in her current situation. The first precedence diagnosis is Anxiety (moderate) related to stress as manifested by insomnia and dizziness. gage antecedence diagnosis is deficient Knowledge related to anxiety and dizziness as manifested by M. H. stating lack of complete understanding of the condition. The third priority diagnosis is disturbed Sensory Perception (kinesthetic) related to psychological stress as manifested by sensory distortions (i.e., dizziness). These diagnoses will assist nurses to identify appropriate interventions that will help M. H. achieve an optimal state of wellness (Doenges, Moorhouse, & Murr, 2010).ReferencesDoenges, M. E., Moorhouse, M. F., & Murr, A. C . (2010). shields pocket guide Diagnoses, Prioritized Interventions, and Rationales (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA F. A. Davis Company. Jarvis, C. (2012). Physical Examination and Health Assessment (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO Elsevier. Purnell, L. D. (2014). Culturally Competent Health Care (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA F. A. Davis Company.

Recent Basketball-related Research: The Vertical Jump Essay

On a message forum that I frequent, I continually see trainers touting the Vertimax as the solution to all vertical offset problems for hoops players. There are two issues with this McClenton et al. (2008) compared judiciousness- starting time discipline to Vertimax cooking and found Depth jump training twice weekly for 6 weeks is more beneficial than VertiMax jump training for increasing vertical jump height. specialty professionals should focus on depth jump exercises in the short term everyplace commercially accessible devices to improve vertical jump performance. McClenton, L.S., Brown, L.E., Coburn, J.W., & Kersey, R.D. (2008). The effect of short-term VertiMax vs. depth jump training on vertical jump performance. daybook of Strength & instruct Research, 22 (2), 321-325. Carlson et al. (2009) compared strength training, plyometric training, and jump training with a VertiMax and found The findings of this content demonstrate that there is no difference in vertical jump among strength training, plyometric training, and jump training over a 6-week timeframe. Carlson, K., Magn drilln, M. & Walters, P. (2009).Effect of conglomerate Training Modalities on Vertical Jump. Research in Sports Medicine An multinational Journal, 17 (2), 84-94. One issue with the second study is the use of plyometrics, as that has become a colloquial term that has lost meaning (Flanagan & Comyns, 2008). umteen plyometrics exercises use the slow stretch-shortening roll (as would VertiMax) with ground contact time long-acting than 250 milliseconds and large angular displacements (Schmidtbleicher, 1994), whereas depth jumps utilize a libertine stretch-shortening cycle with ground contacts between 100-250 ms and small angular displacements (Schmidtbleicher, 1994). The above results would bring up the need for fast SSC training to improve vertical-jump performance over a six-week training cycle.This does not mean that the VertiMax is without use or a good-for-naught produ ct. However, plyometric boxes are a much less expensive purchase that canful elicit the same or improved benefits, at least over a six-week training program. Secondly, and of primary importance, McGill et al. (2012) found that the broad jump predicted basketball performance measures better than the vertical jump in college basketball players symbiotic variables of performance indicators ( much(prenominal) as games and minutes played, points scored,assists, rebounds, steal, and blocks) and injury reports were tracked for the subsequent 2 years. Results showed that better performance was linked with having a stiffer torso, more mobile hips, weaker left grip strength, and a longer standing long jump, to name a few. McGill, S.M., Andersen, J.T., & Horne, A.D. (2012).Predicting Performance and Injury Resilience From Movement Quality and Fitness lashings in a Basketball Team Over 2 Years. Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 26 (7), 17311739. The implication of the second stud y is to invoke that vertical-jump performance is not of primary performance to basketball performance, and other qualities such as change-of-direction speed, balance, and acceleration likely have more to do with on-court performance. Flanagan, E.P. & Comyns, T.M. (2008). The use of contact time and the reactive strength index to optimise fast stretch-shortening cycle training. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 30, 33-38. Schmidtbleicher, D. (1994). Training for power events. In P. Komi (Ed.), Strength and Power in Sport (381-395). London Blackwell Scientific.

Analyzing “Deculturization”

De heathenishization refers to the stripping absent of a peoples glossiness and replacing it with a new ending (Spring 1). Deculturalization is maven of the about inhumane acts one can partake in. A persons culture is his/her main defining feature. Culture is the medium through which people submit their beliefs, values, and morals. Inserting ones own culture in place of someones pre-existing culture is the substructure of ethnocentrism. People wealthy person repeatedly become victims of deculturalization, especially in the coupled States, and by analyzing this ethnocentrism one learns the importance of sustaining different cultures in society.There atomic number 18 umpteen methods of deculturalization, such as segregation, isolation, and forced change of row. When the content of broadcast reflects culture of dominant root, it is deculturalization. Also, dominated groups are non allowed to express their culture and religious belief, which is deculturalization. Use of te achers from the dominant group to teach those that are dominated is some new(prenominal) form of deculturalization (Spring 49).The problem was the assumption that U.S. institutions, customs, and beliefs were the best in the world and they should be imposed (Spring 42).Throughout much of the past century, the joined States sought to revenue stamp its cultural root wordl upon almost all peoples who existed within its realm of influence. It is moreover through the relatively modern ideology of multiculturalism and the celebration of diversity that the unify States has begun to muddle amends for the injustices it has committed on new(prenominal) cultures. Today, with multiculturalism entering into the classrooms and other realms, different cultures are last getting the attention they deserve.The American idea of cultural and racial superiority began in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries with the liquidation of northeast America by predominantly Anglo Saxon colonists. Iro nically, the colonists came to America to safety valve persecution for their religious beliefs. The Anglo Saxon position of cultural superiority was a more often than not Protestant value that remained prevalent for much of the twentieth century (Spring 2-4).The educational impact of this elitist attitude was far-reaching. The most immediate effects were seen in the ending of Native American culture and peoples. Efforts to civilize the Native Americans through the use of school began in 1819 and continued until the late 1920s. The first schools were the result of Christian missionaries efforts to come on converts. English was the only(prenominal) language spoken in these schools, and the Native American culture was looked upon poorly. Some earlier efforts were made to adapt to Native American culture, including the development of a written Cherokee language. This knowledge, however, was used to impart Anglo-Protestant values and religion (Spring 18-21).Out of almost all of the other cultures, Native Americans are the most exploited. Not only was their culture subverted and their people forced to move, unless alike the Native Americans still today are trying to regain their cultural identity. It was only during the late 20s that the effects of this cultural genocide became apparent. With the Meriam Report, published in 1928, the inhumane treatment of Native Americans was brought to the public eye, and this made way for the brass of progressive day schools where Native Americans could integrate their culture. Ever since, Native Americans have struggled to regain an identity of their culture.Along with Native Americans, some of the same injustices were inflicted upon Puerto anti-racketeering law where the same rules of deculturalization applied to the education systems. Puerto Rico became a colony of the United States in the 1890s as a result of the Spanish-American War. The apparent Americanization of Puerto Rico come to in the schools where patriotic exercises emphasized American allegiance. English became the official language of the schools, and English proficiency became a qualification to obtain a Puerto Rican direction license.The Puerto Ricans resisted this deculturalization, causing strong tension in the 1920s, while they struggled to declare independence. Eventually, attempts at deculturalization fell beneath global civil rights movements in the 1950s and 1960s. Despite this, the educational system of Puerto Rico was severely limited for many years.During the same sentence that the Puerto Ricans were struggling to regain their national culture and heritage, African Americans were struggling to switch centuries of racial discrimination. Early in the 20th century, most African Americans seemed impotently mired in a class system that sought to salvage them poorly educated to provide a supply of cheap labor.W.E.B. DuBois, gift of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, wanted to provide a differ ent type of education for African Americans that would focus on load-bearing(a) leadership and protection of the legal and social rights of their communities. These schools would also create a constant awareness of their position within the albumen majority. DuBois saw swell potential in the education of teachers because, once educated, they could impart their learning to non-finite others (Spring 67).DuBois dream seemed to be achieved in the 1930s when common schools for African American children were finally erected. Although a large part of the funding was donated, black parents contributed the majority of the funds. charm this was a great step forward for African American children, these schools later(prenominal) provided the rationale for segregation outside of the often better-funded white schools.Asian Americans were the largest group affected b the Naturalization Act of 1790, where non-white immigrants were excluded from American citizenship. A white person was an immi grant from Western Europe no other groups were considered white. With the Anglo-Americans feeling threatened by the Chinese Americans, they sought to limit immigration through legislation. Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, prohibiting Chinese immigration. The Chinese Americans were sent to segregated schools because they were not classified as a white person. This policy of segregation broke dispirited by the early 1900s, when the board of education had to let Chinese youths attend to the regular city high school.After the United States conquest of Mexico, the attitude of racial, religious, and cultural superiority was reflected on both the treatment of Mexicans who remained in American after the conquest and later Mexican immigrants. Segregated schools, housing, and discrimination in employment became the Mexican American heritage. President James Polk sent an troops to protect the Texas border, causing a military reaction by Mexico which resulted in the U.S. de claring war on Mexico.The war allowed former Mexican citizens to obtain U.S. citizenship, but did nothing to resolve problems of the Anglo Americans feelings of superiority. One of the important consequences of this negative action against Mexicans was to make it easier for American settlers to gain land in the area. Racism served as a justification for economic exploitation. These racist attitudes permeated the life of the cattle ranches established in southern Texas during what is referred to as the cowboy era (Spring 80). This deculturalization of the Mexican Americans is yet some other example of the ethnocentrism that engulfed Anglo Americans.Deculturalization has been a very sad occurrence since the beginning of America, and only recently has this problem started to be alleviated. The impacts of deculturalization have been very negative on society, but mostly on the education system. Today, teacher education revolves close to multiculturalism and valuing the differences in c ultures. Until this idea reaches all realms of society, however, the United States will not be completely free from the negative aspects of deculturalization, which swept through the country for many years. Knowledge is half the battle, though, and the more people are educated on other cultures, the more people will begin to appreciate other cultures.

Miss Julie: Examining the Nature of Pathos Essay

Miss Julie is an ad erectment of August Strindbergs track down directed and composed by mike Figgis. Overall, the film remains faithful to the play. However, an indispensable distinction is the addition of a sex scene. subsequently Julie and Jean hear her servants singing a lewd song, they copulate. Because Strindbergs audience would have had different sensibilities, the act is merely hinted at in the original. For example, Julie says there are no barriers between us presently (87)In the film however, the act is explicit, raw, and degrading. In Strindbergs original, the act stems emerge of mutual lust, with Julie as the seductress. However, in the film, it is initiated by Jean, out of a go for to ascend social rankings and to see Julie toppled from her pedestal. Hence, the proper term for their act is non love-making, not sex, but defilement. The net effect achieved by the hard effects, camera angles, and casting invokes pathos towards Julie.After the sex scene, the violin discontinue is layered with complex chords in the minor key, conveying a poignant sentiment. Conversely, in the sex scene, the only soundtrack is the ambient noise- the feral panting audible. After the bawdy tune, the fiddling fades, replaced by a violin playing virtuoso sustained note in the minor key to augment tension. The symphony stops just as the camera zooms into Jeans billet and the split screen commences. With no music to buffer the debasement on the screen, the audiences feelings of revulsion are amplified.The camera progresses from medium shots to close-ups of their faces, creating a voyeuristic effect. It trails from Julies boots, along her body, to her lips, conveying the intimacy of their union. However, Julies look are devoid of passion and her porcelain doings intermingled with childlike fragility and the flyblown nature of the defilement is chilling. The split-screen illustrates the couple from different angles, one closing up on the faces, and the other foc used on their bodies. The spasmodic cameras heighten the delirious atmosphere. As they climax, the two screens close up to their faces and their two perspectives are do one, just as the act of sex unifies perceptions.Another deviation from the play is the distinction between the couple in age, appearance, and height. In the play, Miss Julie is 25 and Jean is 30. (1) However, in the film, Jean appears in his fifties, sporting a bald dome and wrinkled forefront. To evoke indignity that Strindbergs audience would have experienced from solely the status discrepancy, an older man was cast. Moreover, Julie is waifish, with a patrician demeanour and a childlike vulnerability whereas Jean is stout and aging. Jeans unsightly appearance is an outward manifestation of his inferior status. The height difference symbolizes their class disparity. Before the act, Jeans face is nestled in her neck. After, Julie is slumped back, literally looking up to him, revealing the power shift that has just taken place, inviting the audience to commiserate with her plight as she wrings her hands in remorse.Works CitedStrindberg, August. Miss Julie and Other Plays, translated by Michael Robinson. Oxford University Press New York, 1998.

Uses and Abuses of Information in Orwell’s 1984

In George Or tumefys novel Nineteen Eighty-Four, we be presented with a dystopian vision of the future mean solar day. Orwells book follows the life of Winston Smith, a citizen of striptease 1, formerly Britain and part of the nation of Oceania. The country is governed by Ingsoc, the English Socialists, a totalitarian regime led by the iconic leader outsized buddy. Oceania is forever and a day at war with as well as unendingly being in alliance with one of the other two nations of the earth, Euraisia and Eastasia.The creation is divided into three social meetings, at the top of the power twist is the Inner Party, whose members ar the policy soak uprs and number relatively few. Below them be the members of the Outer Party, who are educated and work in governmental departments. It is this group which Winston Smith belongs to. Underneath them are the proletariat, the uneducated masses that made up 85% of the population. The life of a party member involves being constantl y subjected to government propaganda by the medium of the telescreen.This is a device kindred to a tv set placed in the home and workplace of Party members, distant a television it cannot be turned off and it transmits as well as receives. Winston works at the Ministry of law, one of foursome government ministries. The Ministry of eff is concerned with law and order, The Ministry of peace concerns itself with war, The Ministry of grass which deals with economic affairs and The Ministry of Truth which is responsible for the production of news, education, entertainment and fine arts.Orwell is said to have establish the infrastructure of Oceania on that of Stalinist Russia of the 1940s. I want to compare and line of merchandise Orwells vision of the future and control of training to the world of today. I hope to draw parallels in the ideology of Insog, governments of the present day and those of sometime(prenominal) regimes. Winston worked in the records department of the Min istry of Truth. His job consisted of the constant updating of news archives. He was responsible for altering or rectifying news reports from put up issues of the state newspaper.For example, it appeared from The measure of the se retail storeeenth of March that Big Brother, in his speech of the previous day, had predicted that the southbound Indian front would remain quiet but that a Eurasiatic offensive would shortly be launched in newton Africa. As it happened, the Eurasian Higher Command had launched its offensive in South India and left North Africa alone. It was therefore necessary to rewrite a paragraph of Big Brothers speech, in such a way as to make him predict the thing that had actually happened. (Orwell1949). In another case the Ministry of Plenty promised there would be no recognize in the chocolate ration. later on(prenominal) a cut in the ration, this speech was rewritten to say that they had predicted a cut some time in the future and eventually that the ratio n had been increased. in one case these articles had been rewritten, the old newspapers were destroyed, new issues printed and used as historical records. All musical accompaniment of the past had been tailored to say exactly what the government wanted it to. No other records of the past existed other than those that had been manipulated and falsified by the ministry of truth. This may seem untamed and unfeasible in new-fashioned western society, but Orwell himself performed a similar role in the BBC during World war II.This gave him a solid savvy of bureaucratic hypocrisy and may have provided the inspiration for his invention of newspeak, the truth-denying diction of Big Brothers rule in Nineteen Eighty-Four (Johnson 1993). In 1944 Orwell wrote a letter to tribune bringing up the question of how true history actually is. He said that until recently the chances were that major events were recorded with some accuracy. He says that the battle of Hastings probably happened in 1 066, that Columbus discovered America, that enthalpy VIII had six wives, and so on.A certain degree of reality was possible so long as it was admitted that a fact may be true even if you dont like it. (Orwell1944). He goes on to say that even as late as conscion adequate prior to World war I, a substantial amount of facts in the encyclopaedia Britannica are compiled from German sources and were regarded as neutral. An account of World War II would vary from different sources. The Nazis of the day would have a only different account of the war than that of the Allies. The decision of which of these accounts reaches the history books is decided on the battlefield.If Hitler and the Nazis had won the war, the history books would undoubtedly be different from those we are brought up to believe in post war Britain. For example Orwell says that in 1941 and 1942 the Luftwaffe were alert in Russia, whilst at the same time German radio was proclaiming the demolition of London through ae rial bombing. According to our history, these raids never happened. If we were living in London at that time we would know that those raids never happened, if Hitler then seizes power, those raids aptitude as well have happened as the history books will be written accordingly.This theory is the basis that Orwell uses for the management of information in the fictitious Ministry of Truth. There are countless examples of history being re-written. Orwell gives other examples Is the protocols of the Elders of Zion a genuine document? Did Trotsky plot with the Nazis? How many German aeroplanes were shot mint in the Battle of Britain? Does Europe welcome the New Order? In no case do you get one answer that is universally accepted because it is true in each case you get a number of totally incompatible answers, one of which is finally adopted as the result of a physical struggle.History is written by the winners. (Orwell 1944). Noam Chomsky develops these ideas and applies them to the Vi etnam and disconnect wars. He describes a study that was done at the University of Massachusetts on attitudes towards the Gulf war. This study was designed to gauge the beliefs and attitudes of television watchers. One of the questions asked in that study was, How (sic) many Vietnamese casualties would you estimate that there were during the Vietnam war? The add up response on the part of Americans today is about 100,000.The official take care is about two million. The actual figure is probably three to four million. (Chomsky 1991). This example highlights an almost eerie foresight into the future from Orwell. Are the telescreens that centre out propaganda and manipulated facts and figures to the population of Oceania really that different in principle to the televisions that are dotted around our houses now? It seems that the information broadcast on television is believed by its viewers. The history of the Vietnam war has probably altered since it ended.It may be hard to write an target area history of it from an American perspective, as attitudes toward the encounter seem to be ambiguous. When the war ended, American vets were seen by their country as failures, now they are honoured officially. It is unclear who is writing the history of Vietnam. During the conflict, news coverage was biased toward the plight of the American forces and anti communist ideals, creating a giant out of the enemy as to keep peoples plan irrational and unquestionably loyal to the American war effort.Towards the end of the mid-seventies we saw the first of a wave of Vietnam feature films. It was now the occupyors grievous the story, but whose is correct? Mc Carthyists may argue that Hollywood is adopting a communist point of view and thus siding with the old enemy. Is it yet wars whose facts and figures are subject to alteration? Who is to say for instance that the so-called fiscal boom of the eighties actually happened? As it the decade gets more weak in our memories , it may be open to historical manipulation for semipolitical means.The likelihood is the current Labour government of 1999 will have a different recollection of the financial situation of the last twenty long time than that of the Conservatives. Which, if either, account is correct? We (the public) have our own realities of the era the amount of silver we had at the time. As individuals though we are not in a position of power with which to rewrite history. Chomsky talks about the first modern government propaganda, that of the Woodrow Wilson Administration of The United States at the time of World War I.The population of America were pacifistic at that time and saw no reason to become involved in a European conflict. The Wilson government were committed to war and decided to do something about it. They established a government propaganda division, called the Creel Commission, which succeeded, within six months, in turning a pacifist population into a hysterical, war-mongering p opulation which wanted to tear the Germans limb from limb, go to war and save the world. (Chomsky 1991). These same techniques were used for anti socialist campaigns after the war, which destroyed unions and restricted the immunity of the press.The same techniques were used by the British propaganda ministry, whose commitment at the time, as they put it in their secret deliberations, was to direct the thought of most of the world. (Chomsky1991). Chomsky goes on to say that the British propaganda ministrys aim was to control the thought of the more intelligent members of the community in the United States, who would then disseminate the propaganda that they were concocting and convert the pacifistic country to wartime hysteria.He says that this taught a lesson to Hitler and many others that state propaganda, when supported by the educated classes and when no deviation is permitted from it, can have a big effect. A compact example of the use of propaganda in nineteen eighty- four is the rabble bestir Two Minutes Hate. This is a routine gathering where members of the Party vent their nuisance for enemies of the state, In particular the spectre of Emmanuel Goldstein. Party members gather unneurotic in front of a telescreen while a film of the traitor Goldstein is shown.The participants are worked into a fury of hate before being brought back to calm by the image and voice of Big Brother. In chapter 1 of the book Orwell describes the event Goldstein was de proceedring his usual venomous flack upon the doctrines of the Party an attack so exaggerated and perverse that a child should have been able to see through it, and yet just plausible enough to devote one with an alarmed feeling that other people, less level headed than oneself, index be taken in by it. (1949)I believe examine of Orwells own belief in the power of persuasive propaganda is verbalised through the thoughts of Winston. Although Winston is a rebellious thinker who initially uses the two instant hate to vent his detestation of Insoc and its subsidiary organisations, he finds his feelings fracture to a hatred of the image of Goldstein. He then voluntarily switches his hatred to the image of the girl behind him. Oceania is personified by the image of Big Brother, whilst its enemies are symbolised by Goldstein.This rhetoric is well used in propaganda and there are many examples, either official, as with Marianne and Germania, or unofficial, as in the animated cartoon stereotypes of John Bull. (Hobsbawm 1983). I have not really scratched the surface of concepts of information manipulation that Orwell highlights in Nineteen Eighty- Four, Newspeak for instance. A whole book could be written on this language and probably has been. After reading Orwell and Chomsky a great deal of correlation is evident between their ideas.Orwell says The really terrorisation thing about totalitarianism is not that it commits atrocities but that it attacks the concept of objective truth i t claims to control the past as well as the future (1944) Although we live in a so-called democracy today the physical exertion of history rewriting still seems to be prevalent. Chomsky says the picture of the world thats presented to the public has only the remotest relation to reality. The truth of the matter is buried under edifice after edifice of lies upon lies Its not like a totalitarian state, where its done by force.These achievements are under conditions of freedom (1991). Although we do live in a free society (try argumentation that we dont with someone whos lived under an oppressive regime), we live under what Chomsky calls a self-imposed totalitarianism (1991) with our televisions as our telescreens. As our daily newspapers switch political allegiances, who is to say that they are not employing modern day Winston Smiths to change accounts of the past. Why should the Sun hark on about the safe old days under the Tory government when they want Blair to win the side by side(p) election?

Genetically Modified Foods Essay

The globe is slowly running out of victuals. Impoverished pot adjudge nowhere to turn. Biotechnology researchers think they take a shit found a way to reverse the earthly concern famine. This way is through genically modify provenders which be foods that come from genetically engineered organisms. Examples of oftentimes(prenominal) organisms be sheep, cows, and fish. However, since it is a tonic invention, it is being met with harsh and legitimate concerns. While it may help the worlds food crisis, it may to a fault do that at the write off of human health.Moreover, In the 90s in the USA, the Food and do drugs Administration decided that genetically special food was safe and did non require special regulation. They stated that is was, non inherently dangerous. (FDA, 1998). This allowed genetically modified food such as soybean oils and tomatoes to enter the market. There are lot of ideas closely the GMF. Some scientists say that it is no harmful affects of GMF a nd it may be a solution for scarcity of food and even it is healthy.However, almost(a) others say that GMFs are dangerous for public health. And It gage damage biodiversity. genetically modified foods may be a good solition to increase the essence of food. The problem is there are a lot of people go to recreation hungry everyday and the number of hungry people is nurtureting bigger. And international Food Policy Research Institute state there are 120 devoloping countries which are very close to limit of hunger and 57 of which with a serious or worse hunger situation. (Global Hunger Index, 7)The author of this hunger is there is not enough food to feed them and because the world population is getting higher but the areas which use in do work are getting smaller. Farmers could not find suitable area to do their crops. That is why, They have to find a different solution to be productive. Conko argues that biotech factory farm is the method by which we can increase agricultur al productivity without resorting to increases in harmful chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides.In the Genetic Modification it says that genetic adjustment provides a means to confer resistance to broad-spectrum herbicides into crops where current weed pull strings is considered difficult. In this way, farmers can be more productive and they can get more product on their fields. In the United States, in 2002 somewhat 5. 5 million farmers in cxlv nations were compriseing more than 145 million acres worth of GM crops. (Conko) On the other hand, genetically modified herbicide tolerant crops might have a electronegative impaction on biodiversity.genetically Modified crops have an impact on birds and insect. A crop plant modified to be toxic to insect pests can have a direct harmful effect on non-target insects if they eat the plant. It can also have an indirect effect by reducing the insects that are a food source for other wildlife, such as farmland birds. Geneticall y Modified crops that are tolerant to herbicides could also lead to a reduction in weed populations that act as refuges for beneficial insects, and those that are eaten by birds.This process takes time because of this GM crops measure as a good solution but it can deflower the biological diversity. And US conservation organization Royal Society,founded in capital of the United Kingdom In 1660 is a learned society for science, support it. They state that the likeliness of the spread of Genetically modified into the wild populations, the risk of superweeds being produced, the impact Genetically modified introductions might have on the colonies of micro organisms animate in the soil and how such risks can be assesed and analysed.Also fast one Innes Centre, Founded in England is an independent centre for research and training in plant and microbial science, state that Monarch butterfly larvae fed only on leaves covered in pollen from Bt corn grew more slowly and suffered higher de vastation rates and pink bollworm fed on cotton producing the Bt toxin. Aphids fed on Genetically Modified potatoes producing a different toxin were also reported to have a harmful effect on ladybirds feeding on the aphids. Genetically Modified crops can be beneficial for health in call of their food value.Foods include heaps of vitamins which are necessary to our body. In archeozoic days, our foods were full of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrate and they were occupied with value. However, now there are not enough foods which are full of value. Because there are lots of environmental factors like global warming which causes to summers takes long time, and scarcity of water, and also some pests. These factors effect the crops and farmers have to use pesticide and this cause to decrease food value. And it leads lots of health problems. And the one of the most important health problem is Vitamin A deficiency.This is the cause of at least 1 million childhood deaths to each one year an d is considered the single most serious cause of blindness amongst children in the developing countries. A possible solution to this problem is the genetic registration of rice. ( Potrykus, quoted inGenetic Modification) Although GM foods are benefical for the food value, in some circumstances, it can be very harmful for human health. Without too much control take in genetically modified food can be dangerous and it can lead lots of diseases like Eosonophil Myalgia Syndrome.In this debate, the Physicians and Scientists for Responsible masking of Science and Technology, is a website to educate the general public about genetic engineering in general and foods, revealed that After eating a food supplement produced by genetically engineered bacteria, 37 persons were killed 1500 people were permanently handicapped in the US in a disease called Eosonophil Myalgia Syndrome. It was caused by one or more extremely poisonous substances that unexpectdedly appeared in this food supplement.T his accident confirms the predictions of molecular biologists that genetic engineering can cause the coming into court of dangerous unexpected substances. As a Conclusion, there are lots of arguments in the GMF. Maybe It can be a solution for lots of problems, maybe it can be invention of the this century. I think, however, without too much researching about GMF we cannot use it to gain profit. Because human health is important than anything. We have to more careful. In the future, After very deep research about the GMF, we can solve the sustanibility problem.

Zachary’s Story Essay

A. An ulcer starts by eroding the mucosa of the G.I. tract wall. What functions of digestion and/or reabsorption might be lost if this seam is no longer functional? What functions will be compromised if the ulcer consume through the sub mucosa and then the muscularis? Absorption would not hazard correctly some of the ingested and secreted may seep out of the lumen. This also could shape a pathway of entry for pathogens if the ulcer ate through to the muscularis mucosa. You may lose some control of defacation.B. If Zach has a peptic ulcer touch his ache or duodenum, which components of the peritoneum will be affected? If the ulcer take a hole into the wall of the stomach, bacteria and partially digested food rotter spill through h the opening into the peritoneum causing severe discharge of the abdominal cavity and wall.C. How can Zachs stomach contribute to the institution of ulcers in other parts of the G.I. tract? Which cells are direct participants in formation, and how do they contribute to lesions in the G.I. tract wall? Zachs stomach contributes to the formation of ulcers by the acids needed to breakdown food when they are excessive. parietal cells (secrete HCI) and gastric glands (acetylcholine) are directly related to the formation of ulcers.D. Why does Zachs G.I. tract need the substance that contributes to the formation of ulcers? How is this substance secreted by cells indoors the gastric pits? Zachs G.I. tract needs the substance to assist in the breakdown of food and for absorption. Epithelial cells extend into the lamina where they form secretory folds called gastric glands. Several of these glands open into the gastric pits and secretions from these glands flow into the pits.

Street Crime or White Collar Crime

By general definition, a offence is a wronging, proclaimed by police force against society. All acts of disobeying the law atomic number 18 crimes. Be it an assault or embezzlement maven has commit a wrong. Yet we have learned values and morals from our surroundings which gave us excogitations of the degree of harm pertaining to a particular crime. Our normal imagination of crime is usually that of a personal one. We as a society, mostly conjure images of a personal assault on oneself when defining the concept of a crime. We as a society, generally conceive our concepts by our surroundings. nightclub is more frequently exposed to street crimes. It is very rare that a day goes by that we do not hear a murder, physical attack or robbery through the media. Those so called street crimes require our neighborhoods and society every day. Those crimes are contributing to the destruction of society, our cities, and our streets. The street crime is the most harmful of crimes it is r esponsible for the disintegration of society as we be it. To demonstrate the harm caused by the society by street crime, one has to look no further than to inner city neighborhoods.Street crimes are responsible for injuries, death, sexual assaults and the loss of personal property through force. They good deal also be attributed to the decline of local business and the drop in education and pride in ones communities as well. In the lower economic neighborhoods, many resort to crime for financial reasons. Members of the community sell drugs or rob as means of support. These deviants do not inflict these crimes on neighborhoods other than their own. This is the major reason why street crime is so harmful.

Moving the NHS from public sector to private sector Essay

The topic Health Service (NHS) is a state run entity dumbfound up by the Labour government after 1948 as part of the upbeat state. It was originally run by local authorities with backing from common aspire cash allocated by central government. Though in recent years this cash has been moving to the semi cloistered empyrean and many film speculated that this is privatisation by stealth. In this essay I pass on attempt to understand this exploit by giving some historical context to the events of the last hardly a(prenominal) decades while pointing out some of the advantages and disadvantages, and the forms it could take, of privatisation. In conclusion I intrust to point to a future where the NHS ass exist with public money and clubby management.It came out of a work ating class movement. The powers that be introduced various health and welf are reforms after the Second World War in response to working class agitation and mobilisation health form come outed a bett er option than a Russian revolution1 This is a institution that does not fit easily into the world of market place liberalisation and globalisation, plainly it is a right many people rule should be free and is even recognised by the U.N. as a fundamental human right. Selling off the NHS, as previous Tory governments sustain done to other parts of the U.K.s infrastructure would be politically unsatisfactory especially given the general popularity of the NHS and its entrenched public nature.2But reform and wobble have accrued. The first change, by the Tories in 1983, was in the mien musical accompaniment was allocated. For example, budgets where previously allocated on the basis of geographical areas privationsNow funding is allocated as payment per patient3 This change allowed for the transfer of money from the public to the private sector.This can be jawn in the declare oneself of private long term care which grew from 175,000 places in 1985 to 650,000 in 1998. This grow th was funded c digest entirely out of the public purse4 This has led to a formation where money is now thrown at the private sector through arrangements such as Independent treatment centres (ISTCs) and the private finance initiative (PFI). One such arrangement Ravenscourt Park cost to set up and closed with a deficit of. These are figures that have to be borne by the NHS5Clearly the NHS is now a half-way house between the public and private sectors. While the front Labour government take cares set on displace ahead with more ways of privatisation.John Carvel noted thatHealth secretarial assistant Patricia Hewitt is preparing to transfer NHS hospitals buildings into the private sector as part of a bn lineation to promote competition in the health utilitycompanies bidding for contractswill be allowed to take over NHS premises, doctors and nurses.6The implementation of this document are already in motion. Recently DHL gained a contract worth 6bn to provide non pharmaceutical supplies for ten years. Payment will be made according to the savings it can shed, which the government estimates at some n.7So while this may sympathisem like a good idea Effective implementation of luxurious investment projectsis hardly the governments strong point.8 So to make this work DHL would have to be finely regulated. Given enough freedom so that they can destroy cosy past relationships, but not be allowed to bully suppliers and lower standards due to a need to please shareholders and make profit.To see what problems a health service run for profit creates we just now have to look at the USA and its private health system. The system of HMOs was set up in the 1970s by the Nixon administration. We can see from these comments recorded on the Nixon White House tapes, (Nixon quotes), that this system was created not to look after patients but to make profit.While the US may have the most advanced health care system available, if a customer does not have enough money or ad equate indemnity their options are limited. These problems where highlighted in Michael Moores documentary Sicko, which compared the US system to that of Cuba, Canada and the UK. It could be state that the narrator was unabashed in his bias against the HMOs, but the courtship shown, that healthcare will become unaffordable for average people, may arise here if privatisation becomes widespread.At the same time though because of the lack of reinvestment in the NHSs infrastructure and Gordon Browns estimation to EU spending targets, alternative funding methods must be found. A recent study by the European Health Consumer Index (EHCI) showed the UK at 17th place behind Ireland, Czech Republic and Estonia in supplying of healthcare. Three countries a long way behind the economic teaching of the UK. In fact while per capita spending placed the UK in twelfth place, the Czech Republic placed 21st showingthat efficiency targets are possible if money is spent wisely.9This of course is t he main argument for the meshing of the private sector in the provision of health care. That they will splay bureaucracy, while subjecting spending plans to stringent management oversight and thus provide better function for cheaper. unluckily the reduction in public provision of long term care, NHS dentistry, optical services and elective surgery shows the flight of steps for the NHS under the PFI.10 We only have to look to Austria to find a publicly funded health system that allows patients who ..regardless of salary, are entitled to use the services of the health system for free although they do pay higher income tax.11 While looking at the EHCI tables we see Austria ranks in first place but only spends (figure here) more than the UK per capita. This suggests that the UK could indeed improve services without the need of the private sector but this would involve raising taxes, a outline both political parties seem wary of due to potential lose of electoral support.One new pot ential direction for the health service could be the internet. The main advantage of the internet is the access to knowledge that it can provide the customer while providing savings within the administration of the NHS. Unfortunately there is one problem that would need to be overcome, computer illiteracy. In most cases those with health problems will be the older members of society, those who are the least computer literate. This suggests to me that while saving could be made, they would not be worthy while we have a generation of customers who do not step comfortable with computers or the the internet. In the long term there is potential, but unfortunately it does not provide any solutions in the short.In does seem that the disadvantages of privatisation on its present course do seem to outweigh the advantages. The present government though has already started down a path that appears to be irreversible. While many within the service would agree that reform is undeniable the pr oblem is that healthcare is seen as a fundamental right provided by the NHS, a endowment to the citizens of the UK after the trauma of World War 2 and the sacrifices they had endured. The UK government has also shown on many occasions that it cannot regulate private companies, that are funded through public funds, toput the general public in the first place profit. Looking at past privatisations of industries we can see, even in the case of the most successful, telecommunications, that this sector lags behind other European countries such as France where for example broadband infrastructure is far ahead of that provided in the UK. therefrom in conclusion the only solution that I can see is a single payer system with strong enough statute that creates European wide regulation in the shape of pharmaceutical charge controls and levies on research and education12 In effect creating a new framework that allows the private sector to provide to provide healthcare. This way the tax payer can benefit from the private sectors skill in delivering increased productivity and value for money, while protecting against its overwhelming trust for profit.1http//www.thecornerhouse.org.uk/gatsprivatiationhealth.htm2ibid3http//www.healthmatters.org.uk/issue 41 p12-134ibid5http//www.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1931236,00.html6http//www.guardian.co.uk/guardianpolitics/story/0,,1575243,00.html7http//store.eiu.com/product/1860000186-sample.html8 ibid9EHCI 2007 study10Bmj.com 1/4/9911Irish Independent, 6/9/07 The Austrian health service is the best in Europe, Gemma O Doherty12http//www.healthmatters.org.uk/issue 48 summer 2001 p 11

Elections and Democracy

Elections pee-pee widely been evaluate as major tool for limiteding the testament of the people about the brassal presidency in a democratic state. It finish be utter that elections ar a form of direct body politic as fountainhead as a democratic highway to a representative politics .The concept of nation, electoral dusts and semi governmental parties is cardinal to the modern state provided at the aforesaid(prenominal) time difficult to define. This assignment will essay to explain these concepts and amplify the signifi abidece of electoral arrangements as a place pre requisite for democracy.Elections and Democracy Commenting on the concept of democracy, Makinda held that democracy can be seen as a way of government firmly rooted in the belief that people in a social club should be dispense with to determine their accept political, social, economic and cultural trunks.1 From the aforegoing, it can be said that the concept of democracy is occasiond to descri be a political carcass of rules designed to widen the participation of ordinary citizens in government, the designers of which ar clearly defined and limited. The building pillars of any democratic political systems stick without any doubt, elections which ar seen as the most critical and visible mode by dint of which wholly citizens can peacefully c each for or annul their leaders,2 In other words, elections atomic number 18 the principal instruments that compel or get on policy makers to pay at decennarytion to the electorate (citizens)3 It follows that in a democratic dispensation elections use up the existence of a system that allows citizens to make a political close by voting for competing scenes fielded by various political parties holding assorted views and providing different alternatives .In this case, political opposition is held to be sound, legitimate and somewhat necessity because there will be no real test of the competence of the vox populi trou pe without the opposition in elections. It is normally agreed among political scientists that unrivalled of the key elements of a healthy democracy is the existence of an allow opposition that critically checks the day to day activities of the ruling society.4 The opposition parties accuse out defects in the ruling parties public policies and make alternative proposals hoping that the votingr turnoutrs will entrust them with power in four , five-spot or six historic period time. The opposition takes on the role of essentially being a government in waiting.5 It can be said that in anypolitical system the litmus test for democracy will be by default ,the peaceful changeover of the reins of governmental power with the opposition fetching elections and constituting a government with the ruling party quietly accepting the pass on and not responding with violence and intimidation .A notable case is that of Zimbabwe, where the ruling party accepted its defeat in the first fill out of the elections of March 2008 with apprehension and almost immediately resorting to absurd retribution .6 It is with this in mind that the electoral system of any state takes centre decimal pointcoach .whether it allow the general populance to exercise their choice during elections or the system favours those currently in power. electoral SystemsAt its 51st session in June 2002, the Venice Commission for Democracy finished Law take a number of standards which define the democratic running of elections. These were summarised in a CODE OF GOOD PRACTICE IN ELECTORAL MATTERS (Guidelines and Explanatory Report).7 These European standards were formulated in deuce groups the first group, Principles of Europes electoral Heritage, includes five basic principles which be universal ballot, equal suffrage, secret vote and direct elections .The European commission further adds the characteristic periodical elections to the five principles.8. The second group is conditions for impleme nting the principals mentioned in the first group .These include gaze for fundamental rights, high regulatory level and stability of objective electoral law ,procedural guarantees containing organization of elections by an independent body, observers at elections and an effective system of appeal . Based on the principles mentioned and the absolutely necessary conditions for implementing these principles, the Commission do the following real bold conclusion Electoral System. Within the admire of the above mentioned principles, any electoral system whitethorn be chosen.9. It is very clear that elections and the functions performed thereby are vital and hence require systemizing and institutionalizing. This is achieved through the electoral system. The electoral system thus consists of the legal rules, techniques and framework whereby voters express their political will by casting votes for the purpose of constituting the representative government bodies in a state. Therefore a b alanced election system which contains and implements the principles of universal, equal and direct suffrage with secret voting is a mandatarytechnique of establishing and maintaining a democratic state. The electoral system is thus a critical factor in that it puts into motion the principles of Election Law as a branch of the effective objective law of the state.In applying any pillowcase of electoral system to a state, the following factors have to be analysed and answered I. The legal and technological aspect Finding the formula and legal techniques which will go steady those who are governed are best represented in the public imprimatur institutions, in the process assimilating them into those who govern. The question would therefore be how to achieve relativeity of the votes cast and the mandates they are converted into having at the very(prenominal) time a stable government? II. The political aspect How to have the election system reflect accurately the separate exercise of power in the state and promote citizens interest at the same time?The heart of democracy in a state depends on the capital punishment of an electoral system because the will of the sovereign people designates through election of legitimate representatives who in turn are responsible earlier the people and supervise the Executive and the Judiciary and are responsible to begin with the electorate in periodical and definitive elections.Types of Electoral Systems Electoral systems are by no means uniform and identical and the selection of one pillow slip or a combination of electoral system depends on a number of important variables. The legal theory10 ascertains that the general indicators of the election system are in two categories the first family unit includes those factors which concern the election organization, implementation and procedures of the elections these include the constituencies, the qualification of prognosiss and methods of voting.The second category provid es for the rules related to the counting of the votes and the diffusion of mandates that is, the valuation of given votes. When considering the different electoral systems practiced in different countries, this paper will mainly concentrate on the second category (on the distribution of mandates) because this the defining factor of the electoral system and according to prof Drumeva, it runs in two stages The first stage is the distribution of mandates between the constituencies that is implement before the voting, in most cases, is a subject of legislation.The second stage is the distribution of mandates between the participating political parties/ and independent vistas if it is foreseen, the second stage is the critical one.11 Electoral systems are broadly grouped into major categories with their own variations the plurality system, the bulk system and the proportional representation system.Plurality System also known as the first- recent-the-post or winner-takes-all system originated in Medieval England and has a centuries old history. This system is based on territorially demarcated single genus Phallus constituencies, with the candidate or party getting the greater number of votes winning in alone one round even if the proportion of votes does not constitute a majority.12The electoral system currently used in Zambia is modeled on the plurality system. Articles 63(2)13 and 77(1)14 of the Constitution of Zambia15confirm that the Parliamentary elections and based on direct adult franchise, first past the post constituency elections.The President of Zambia is evenly elected by plurality through universal adult suffrage as provided for under Article 34(8)16 of the Constitution. The major advantage of the plurality system is that of in-person choice. This seems to be so because votes cast for individual candidates or personalities. A notable relationship between electors and the elected is since established. Another positive for the first-past-the-po st system is that it is very simple and easy to understand. In a first past the post system, elections turn into a decision of who will be the ruling party and who will be in opposition.In addition, the plurality system is considered to be less costly than other more complex systems. The first past the post formula which is practiced in Zambia, as a decisive principle of the plurality system has a concentrating and integration on the electorate and the society in general. This effect is regarded as both a big electropositive and big minus. Proponents of the plurality system, point out that it cracks a working fantan and a stable, in most cases, single party government. While this may seem to be convenient, the advantages of the plurality system are offset by the most important disadvantage which critics call non-representativeness. This is because all votes cast for the losing candidate are lost and remain unrepresented.Murithi cites the system as constituting both a structural in adequacy and an obstacle to democracy in Africas highly ethnicised politics as the votes cast for losers are considered wasted in the spirit that they do not serve as effective instruments for expressing voters will.17 This assertion holds line up for Zambia, where there are ten provinces and seven major tribes among over lxx ethnicities rudewide. Besa18 seems to allude to this assertion and criticizes the first past the post system as a means of electing a president by advancing the railway line that in the Zambian scenario where Bemba speaking people account for over 45% of the population, he observed that if the plurality system is maintained, in the near future, all presidents in Zambia will be elected from that particular region. This will doubtless lead to tribal tension as the other ethnicities will touch left-out of the countrys leadership.Furthermore, opponents of the first-past-the post system regard the so called integrating effect of the system as a defect which e ncourages extremities in the electorates behavior, either through voter apathy and political interference or violent contests with unforeseeable results. Critics of this system19 have proposed accessory votes and proportional representation to be adopted in Zambia as a means of enhancing democracy by the increasing the participation of smaller parties in the legislature.The Majority System The majority system is a modification of the plurality system that ensures that a candidate only wins if he or she receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the election that is one more than fifty percent of the votes cast.20 There are two variations of the majority system, namely the supplementary voting and the re-run system. In the re-run system, if none of the candidates contesting the initial votes attains more than 50% of the votes cast, the electorate are given an opportunity to choose between the top two candidates through a second round of voting known as the re-run.Where a can didate manages 50 % gain one vote or more in the first round, a second round of voting will not be required. The supplementary voting system is much similar to a re-run because it also operates on the basis of elimination.21 In this scenario, the top two contenders would share thesecond preferences of the remain candidates. The candidate that emerges with most votes after the allocation of preference votes have been allocated is declare the winner.Examples of countries which use the majority system in presidential elections are France, Liberia and Zimbabwe. In the last election held in France, in February 2012, a total of ten presidential candidates contested the first round of polling with none of them reaching the 50% confident(p) one required to claim an outright victory, the top two contenders, namely Francois hollande and the incumbent Nicolas Sarkozy contested the re-run. Hollande managed to garner 51,62% of the second round vote compared to Nicolas Sarkozys 48,38% to be s tated President of France.The undeniable advantage of the majority system, is that unlike the plural system, it places power on a candidate who can garner support from the majority and not one elected on ethnic lines. This system effectively eliminates questions of legitimacy which is a major objurgation of the plurality system. Proponents of the system like Besa, contend that the majority system operates in accordance with the tenets of democracy, where the majority rules.Proportional Representation System Its name is derived from the word proportion, which refers to the correlation between two values. This system treats the entire state as one constituency or provides for multimember constituencies. The purpose of this system is to ensure that all political parties are guaranteed a place in the legislatures. The system attempts to relate the allocation of seating room as closely as possible to the distribution of votes. Under the proportional representation system, there are tw o variables namely the single conveyable vote and the party total system. The single transferrable vote emphasizes the personal rather than the territorial principle and provides for a candidate to obtain a quota of votes which is approximately the number of votes equal to the total votes cast divided by the number of seats to be filled.This system is applied in the united States of the States for the Presidential election where a winning candidate is so-called to garner a certain number of electoral college votes to be declared the winner. With the party list system, it is practically impossible for one political partyto dominate the legislature because even the smaller parties participating in elections are allowed, through their representatives in the legislature to express their views. In addition, proportional representation is economical in that, in the case of an early vacating of mandate, the seat is interpreted by the next candidate on the list. In an event that the can didate list is exhausted, the seat remains vacant until the next general election. In this way, no efforts or expenses are incurred to conduct by-elections as is the case with a plurality system.However, the proportional representation system under the party list system does not concern itself with majority rule but only concerns itself with issues of participation of political parties in the process of governance, thus its widespread use in countries with two legislative put ups like the United States of America and its limited use in countries with a single legislative chamber. Besa observes that the party list system is not ideal for elections to the legislature of a country with a single chamber, but rather, proposes the establishment of a second chamber in the legislature for the system to be implemented in Zambia.We can therefore conclude that there is no electoral system which is completely good from every angle. Each system has its own advantages and drawbacks, which vary in magnitude on what function fulfilled by the electoral system is put to the fore. Some writers have propagated the use of a combination of electoral systems so as to advance democracy. Mulenga Besa, in his book, Constitution, Governance and Democracy suggests that for democracy to thrive in Zambia, a combination of the fifty percent plus one majority and the proportional representation system under the party list formula should be employed.For this to work he suggests a litre percent plus one system to elect the president and proportional representation to be used to elect members of the Legislature in a two chamber system. The discussion presented in this assignment made no pretence of comprehensiveness and the suppositions that that re affirm the idea that substantial democracy demands more than just the conducting of elections without choice or caricature of elections.For democracy to flourish, it requires the advertent selection of the fairest and most efficient electoral sys tem which should mainly ensurethe systematic and regular conduct of elections, the non-discriminatory allocation of votes and broadest possible representation of all political parties. It also requires the sustainability of de-ethnicised political parties which are diligently involved in mobilizing popular support thereby linking the demands of all citizens in forming either a reasonably institutionalized government or convincingly effective opposition.