Introduction Chapter

make out Terms and Concepts (1-24) 1. Denudation is the total tack of completely actions (conditionsing, concourse squander, and erosion) that lower the go up of the continents. 2. Weathering- the personal and chemic import rotting of shuddernroll that is exposed to the atmosphere. Mass-wasting- the short- duration d declargon list achievement of brave jar under the discipline influence of sobriety also c tout ensembleed draw movement. Erosion- detachment, removal, and transportation of fragmented sway material. 3.Openings in the push through and near- urface fundamentals argon ofttimes microscopic, unless they may also be prodigious enough to be salient and are sometimes huge. In all case, they occur in vast amount and provide avenues along which weathering agents stinkpot firing the fundamentals and break it apart. Subsurface weathering is initiated along these openings, which can be penetrated by much(prenominal) weathering agents such as weewee, a ir, and plant roots. As time passes, the weathering set up spread from the agile vicinity of the openings into the duncicalr rock beyond. . Joints are cracks that en crowing in rudiments collect to tress, notwithstanding in which there is no appreciable movement parallel to the walls of the joint. Faults are breaks in bedrock along which there is relation back dis startment of the walls of the crack. 5. Master Joints are Joints that channelize for great distances through a bedrock structure. Master Joints play a component in topographic development by functioning as a matted of weakness, a plane to a greater extent unprotected to weathering and erosion than the rock around it. 6.Mechanical weathering is the physical disintegration of rock material without any(prenominal) change in its chemical composing also alled physical weathering. Chemical weathering is the chemical decomposition of rock by the novelty of rock-forming minerals. 7. Frost wedging is the fragmentatio n of rock due to expansion of pee that freezes into ice inwardly rock openings. 8. Salt wedging is the rock disintegration caused by the crystallization of salts from evaporating piddle. 9. Exfoliation is the weathering surgical make for in which curved layers peel finish off bedrock in sheets.This surgical process commonly occurs in granite and related intrusive rocks subsequently overlying rock has been removed, allowing the body to balloon slightly. An exfoliation dome is a large rock heap with a surface confguration that consists of imperfect curves punctured by some(prenominal) partially fractured shells of the surface layers (due to exfoliation). 10. Oxidation is the chemical union of oxygen atoms with atoms from various metallike elements to form new products, which are unremarkably more voluminous, softer, and more easily crumble than the original blends.When contract-bearing minerals react with oxygen (become oxidized), iron oxide is produced. This reaction , probably the most common oxidization in the lithosphere, is called rusting. 1 . Hydrolysis- a chemical union of piss with another substance to produce a new compound that is nearly always softer and weaker than the original. Carbonation- a process in which carbon dioxide in water reacts with carbonate rocks to produce a truly soluble product (calcium bicarbonate), which can quick be removed by overflow or percolation, and which can also be deposited in crystalline from if the water is evaporated. 2. biological weathering is rock biological weathering is lichens. Lichens are crude organisms that consist of algae and fungi funding as a single unit. typically they live on clean rock, bare soil, or tree bark. They draw minerals from the rock by ion exchange, and this leaching can relent the rock. 13. Differential weathering is the process whereby opposite rocks or parts of the same rock weather and/or erode at different rates. 14. The steepest weight down down that can be mis positn by loose fragments on a dip without downslope movement is called the travel of repose.This angle, which varies with the nature and internal cohesion of the material, represents a fine balance between the educe of gravitation and the cohesion and friction of the rock material. If additional material ccumulates on a debris pile lying on a slope that is near the angle of repose, the newly added material may pain the balance and may cause all of part of the material to slide downward. 15. Rockfall (fall) is the mass wasting process in which weatherworn rock drops to the foot ofa cliff or steep slope. 16. Talus (scree) are pieces of weathered rock, of various sizes, that fall directly downslope.Sometimes the fragments hive up relatively uniformly along the prove of the slope, in which case the resultant landform is called a talus slope or talus apron. 17. A talus cone is a sloping, cone-shaped heap of dislodged talus. This cone mould is common belongings because most steep bedrock slopes and cliffs are seamed by vertical ravines and gullies that funnel the fall rock fragments into scores directly beneath the ravines, usually producing a series of talus cones side by side along the base of the slope or cliff. 18. A rock glacier is an lay in talus mass that moves slowly but distinctly downslope under its own weight. 9. Landslides do not require the lubricating effects of water or frame, although the presence of water may contribute to the action many slides are triggered by rains that add weight to already overloaded slopes. Landslides may be activated by other stimuli as well, most notably by earthquakes. 20. A slump is different from other kinds of landslides because it is a slope collapse slide with rotary motion along a curved glide plane. 21. A landslide is a world(a) term for a type of slope failure involving an instantaneous collapse of a slope and movement along a generally flat sliding plane.A mudflow is a rapid, downslope movem ent of a dense mixture of weathered rock and water through or within a valley. 22. Earthflow is the mass wasting process in which a portion of a water- stark(a) slope moves a short distance declivitous. A debris flow is a stream-like flow of dense, muddy water intemperately laden with sediments of various sizes a mudflow containing large boulders. 23. A soil creep is the unhurried and least perceptible form of mass wasting, which consists of a very gradual downhill movement of soil and regolith.Soil creeps discover slower than a snail can move, and they usually can be prevented if falling towards a house/building. 24. Solifluction is a special(prenominal) form of soil creep in tundra areas associated with summer thawing of the near-surface portion of permafrost, make the wet, heavy surface material to loll slowly downslope. Study Questions (1-5) 1. It is possible for weathering to take place beneath the surface of bedrock because of things such as Joints within the rock. If the Joints are deep enough, the weathering result take place underneath certain parts of the rock.There are many types of a whole, not barely the surface. 2. Chemical weathering is more effective in humid climates than in dried climates because arid climates do not have water. humid climates have higher(prenominal) amounts of water and higher temperatures so chemical weathering happens faster. 3. There is a direct relationship between gravity and ass wasting. Any mass moves in the direction of the vector sum of all the forces acting on it, with acceleration numerically equal to the magnitude of the sum of the forces shared out by its mass.On or near the Earths surface, gravity is always one of the forces. 4. Clay reacts to water by expanding, and when it dries, it contracts. Some clay does it so small that its barely noticeable, some clay does it so much that you can very easily see it happen pay in front of your eyes. If these clays are in a crack between rock, or in a layer b eneath rock, or basically any place that the clay is omehow packed between 2 hard rocks, and it gets wet, then it will expand, and coiffure force on the two rock layers.Then it will dry, and pull the layer or Joint into a weaker state. If this happens over a long enough time, then it will break the rock that is in the weaker position. 5. rainwater can expedite mass wasting because when there is more water in the objects that are falling, the objects (falling rocks) become heavier, therefore the process is speeded up. The more rainfall there is, the more water will be store and the heavier the falling rocks will be.