Research proposal What is the effectiveness of adopting Surgical Time

What is the effectiveness of adopting Surgical Time Out policy in improving patient safety in the Operating Room '' - Research Proposal Example UP-14). In general, a surgical time-out policy is all about identifying the right patient, the right site where surgical procedure will be performed, observing the right body positioning, signing the consent form which strongly suggest that the patient has agreed to receive the said surgical procedure, and to ensure that special arrangements are made to get hold of a particular equipment needed to perform the surgery (Fry, 2008, p. UP-14). Often times, it is the registered nurse who is in-charge and is accountable for performing the surgical count of surgical items like cotton swabs, sponges, gauze, needles, blades, and scalpels among others (Hamlin, Richardson-Tench and Davies, 2009, p. 88). Miscommunication can happen among a group of healthcare professionals who are working within the operating room (Halverson et al., 2011). In line with this, several studies acknowledges that the process of using a â€Å"surgical safety checklist† as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) is effective in terms of preventing the risks of mortality caused by human errors (Kasatpibal et al., 2012; van Klei et al., 2012; Conley et al., 2011). However, despite the process of continuously educating the healthcare professionals on how to accurately perform surgical time-out process, there are still some cases wherein the surgical team may fail to comply with the surgical time-out procedures (Gillespie et al., 2010). It is part of the duty and responsibility of healthcare professionals to continuously improve patient safety within the operating room. In line with this, the surgical team is normally composed of surgeons, anaesthesiologists, and registered nurses. For this reason, the proposed research study aims to determine how well the surgical team in Hong Kong are able to adopt with the local hospitals’ surgical time-out policy. Specifically the main research objective is to test the

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay

Compare And Contrast Aristotle And Platos Political Theories Philosophy Essay Plato, student of Socrates, and Aristotle, student of Plato, two of the most influential philosophers to have ever walked the earth, take two completely different approaches whilst talking about the formation of city states and epistemology itself. Plato primarily defined the nature of things in theoretical terms through metaphysics, in contrast to actual terms. Thus by looking to the higher forms he aimed to explain the function of existing knowledge and understandings in the search for the absolute truth. On the other hand Aristotle was more concerned with the actual physical features of nature, for the most part the Natural Sciences. The foremost divisions can be seen in the contrasting opinions between them primarily concerning eternal ideas, forms and causes and their relation to change, and the role of observing and explaining through the utilisation of the senses. Through their different approaches regarding the nature of man, both Plato and Aristotle sought to explain the rel ationship between the individual and society and furthermore the requirement of government to uphold order and stability. Platos ideal city-state, which he refers to in his dialogue in the Republic as the kallipolis, and Aristotles concept of the ideal relationship between the social order and government in an actual city state are contrasting not with regards to the end and purpose which they sought to fulfil, the telos, but instead over the proposed way in which they sought to meet that telos. These differing objections can be explained by the abstract and theoretical ideologies of Plato contrasting and clashing with Aristotles scientific and actual ideologies. To be able to further understand and contest the parameters of Platos kallipolis, we must first seek to understand the bare foundations of Platos theoretical ideology. At the origins of mans search for knowledge is the Theory of Forms that states that every single material thing is in fact a representation of the real thing: the form. Most people are actually unable to see the forms, merely the representation of the form, the shadow. This is how Plato makes a distinction between the material world that us humans live in and the ideal world of eternal forms. His world of forms is not a different reality, but instead an outline by which material objects are created. This can be seen most prominently in Platos Parable of the Cave from book VII of The Republic. Â   Behold! human beings living in an underground den, which has a mouth open towards the light; here these people have been from their childhood, and have their legs and necks chained so that they cannot move, and can only see before them, being prevented by the chains from turning their heads. Above and behind them a fire is blazing at a distance, and between the fire and the prisoners there is a raised walk; and you will see, if you look a low wall built along the walk, like the screen which marionette players have in front of them, over which they show the puppets.'(514A-B The Republic) The prisoners watch the shadows projected on the wall and begin to attribute forms to these shadows, the shadows are as close to viewing reality that these ordinary men will get to viewing reality. He then goes on to say that a philosopher is much like a prisoner who freed from the cave comes to realise and understand that in fact the shadows on the cave wall are not constitutive of reality at all, for they are now able to recognize the true form of reality instead of the simple shadows that the prisoners see. From this Plato explains that our senses cannot be trusted when observing and goes on to conclude that the only way of realising absolute truth is through reason. This ability to recognise and understand the true forms of things is the central concept that establishes who holds the ruling powers in his kallipolis. After having determined that it was in fact possible to form an ideal city state, Plato then looks to chose a government that would rule both justly and firmly. Firstly he discusses the reasons for which people would desire to form a state and keep within its rules. Plato states that it is not the desire of man to form a state, instead it is an inevitable need of man, for man is not self sufficient and therefore needs to live in an organised society, and that each person has a natural talent for a certain area of work and should seek to develop it further for the benefit of the state. Plato embodies the natural inequality of humanity, the origin of the state, in the division of labour. Well then, how will our state supply these needs? It will need a farmer, a builder, and a weaver, and also, I think, a shoemaker and one or two others to provide for our bodily needs. So that the minimum state would consist of four or five men. (369d The Republic) He then goeson to say that the necessity to divide labour with accordance to specializations was prescribed by nature rather than decided by man. Because Platos state is based almost entirely on abstract ideas of both knowledge and nature, his approach to politics and government itself is more theoretical than actual. Therefore if a city seeks to uphold stability it must be ruled by those that are in possession of true knowledge, philosopher kings. Aristotle has objections to the very foundation of Platos kallipolis. Due to his more grounded approach more actual than theoretical in nature, Aristotle argues that man does not seek to make a state simply because it is essential due to man not being self sufficient, instead it is because of an innate instinct. He goes on to argue that the state in fact existed in nature before it was discovered by man, and that a human being is by nature a political animal, and anyone who is without a city-state'(1253a Politics)is not a man. Even in mans most primitive form, mans nature forces him to realise his role within a given city, or polis. It is in fact mans self preservation instincts that directs to the organization of the masses, attempting to avoid conflict. Thus politics through a formal government was a means by which to resist chaos: it is not as Plato believes a thing of forms, rather it is an innate instinct of man. Platos kallipolis had within it ideas of a strong unified community and conformity. Aristotle states that Platos assumption that the people can be as unified as he believes they must be in his kallipolis is entirely unrealistic. He rejects complete uniformity and conformity, describing the potential dangers in terms of the relationships between the state and the household, and the household and the individual, arguing that the more uniform a city state is, the more it will resemble a household and eventually even an individual. He goes on to conclude that a city-state is not a natural unity in the way some people say it is, and that what has been alleged to be the greatest good for the city-states destroys them. (Politics 1261b). When man is responsible for his own crops and home within a community, the effort and pride placed into the upkeep of them is massive. However in a community where there are a lot of shared goods very little effort is put in, because the thought that someon e else is attending to it makes them neglect it the more (Politics 1261b 30) and ultimately the city state is reliant upon a broad variety of people and services. The differences between Plato and Aristotles ways which they select their governments rullers an be attributed in part to Aristotles outright rebuffal of the kallipolis. Plato states that for a city to be ideal it has to be just and good, and that goodcan only be realised if the city is lead by people able to see the true forms of things and understand true knowledge. Ultimately philosophers must become kings, or kings must become philosophers, known as the guardian class. The rules selected by these guardian kings would be enforced by the Auxiliaries class, men of courage and intelligence, whilst the majority of people would make up the lower end of society, the producer class. His kallipolis is best described as an aristocracy, something Aristotle greatly disagrees with as he rejects the idea that those elite few with absolute truth will be the rulers of governments. Aristotle instead seeks to create a perfect relationship between the government and social order, looking most prolifically at balance when determining where the power of government would lie, whether it be in the hands of few or the masses. First he looked at whether or not the proposed leaders would govern for their own self interests or for good of the polis, separating the candidates into the three parts of the city state: the very rich, the very poor; and , third, those in between these. (Politics 295b) Aristotle determined that the poor do not know how to rule, but only how to be ruled in the way slaves are ruled'(Politics 295b) and that the rich do not know how to be ruled in any way, but only know how to rule as masters rule. (Politics 295b) Aristotle then goes on to determine that the middle class should form the ruling body because it reduces the chances of divisions because the middle do not desire other peoples property as the poor do, nor do other people desire theirsAnd because they are neither plotted against nor engage in plotting. (Politics 295b). Comparing the two proposed city states and governments it is clear that there is more to Aristotles objections to the parable of the cave: it is not just regarding the matter of the elite few being masters of the slaves that are the masses, but how the actual power is obtained. Plato believed that man could achieve absolute truth only by consideration of the eternal forms, not through observations and experiences. Aristotle instead shifted away from this view and instead used observations and experiences to pursue his goal of achieving knowledge. Famously Aristotle is thought of as the father of biology, his great encyclopaedia of knowledge and observations still influence the academics of today. Because the world is constantly changing, Aristotle determined that absolute knowledge is not possible, a stark contrast to Platos views, believing that through observing the material things, one could understand its underlying form. I personally believe that Aristotles way of viewing things is more effective simply because it is more realistic and down to earth, he is not always thinking of hypothetical forms like Plato, instead he is observing their real embodiments and coming to conclusions.

Jacksonian Democrats Essay examples -- essays research papers

Jacksonian Democrats viewed themselves as the guardians of the United States Constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. In light of the following documents and your knowledge of the 1820's and the 1830's, to what extent do you agree with the Jacksonian's view of themselves. Unlike previous presidents, Andrew Jackson represented the common men. He and his followers did not support the aristocrats, but instead favored the interests of farmers and urban workers. When they gained power, the Jacksonian Democrats brought about great advances in creating a more democratic and economically equal society. One of the most important changes that Jackson brought was a much more democratic society. You no longer had to be a rich landowner to be allowed to vote. Most of the states removed any religious or property qualifications for holding office. The number of voters increased nearly by seven times during Jackson's presidency. By 1832, nearly all states adopted a new system for choosing for choosing its electors. Before Jackson's presidency, the electors were chosen by state legislatures. Now all the states in the Union, except South Carolina, had adopted a more democratic method of allowing voters to choose their state's electors. Also, during Jackson's era, many state and local officials were elected to office, instead of being appointed. This gave the voters more control of their local government, and increased participatio...

Moringa Oleifera Research

Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION Background of the Study Chicken and Poultry Raising in the Philippines Among the poultry species utilized for food production in the whole world, the chicken ranks as the most exploited fowl species. In fact, in the Philippines, chicken is first in economic importance as source of meats and eggs making chicken broiler and egg production as the most progressive animal enterprise in the country. Owing to this fact, this industry has been considerable attention in scientific researches and experimentation.Feeding practices is a vital factor in chicken growth and development, and as such, feeding is the primary activity in this industry. As chicken ages, their nutritional need changes thus feeding begins at Day 2 post hatching and continues in different amounts and kind of chicken feeds until the chickens are ready for harvest and/or egg laying at Day 45. Chicken feeds include different kinds such as chick crumbs, grower pellets, layer pellets and breeder pellets. Of different composition, these chicken feeds are manufactured according to the needs of a rapidly growing chicken.With ample amounts of chicken feeds and water, proper nutrition for broiler chickens is ensured. Feed supplements are also employed to augment nutrition and offer treatment to a flock of chickens. These supplements include grains, fruits and vegetables, grit, oyster shells, and even garlic. In fact, a number of foreign poultry farms utilize garlic to boost a flock’s immune system by putting one or two garlic cloves, unpeeled, uncrushed into the water and leaving it there until they start to sprout. Feed manufacturers and farmers alike always try to enhance their flock’s health by utilizing proper feeds and supplements.Jackfruit, Malunggay and Mongo Beans Fruits and vegetables are excellent sources of nutrition and are natural energy boosters. These are loaded with nutrients, vitamins, minerals and amino acids for a balanced body growth and nutrition. Since time immemorial, these have been a ready health resource for humankind as both food stock and feed for their livestock. Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus or A. heteropylla) is a species of tree in the mulberry family (Moraceae), which is native to parts of Southern and Southeast Asia.It is believed indigenous to the rain forests of the Western Ghats of India. It is well suited to humid tropical lowlands and near tropical climates. Its fruit is the largest tree-borne fruit in the world, reaching 80 pounds (36 kg) in weight and up to 36 inches (90 cm) long and 20 inches (50 cm) in diameter. The pulp of the ripe jackfruit may be eaten fresh or incorporated into fruit salad. The seeds, which appeal to all tastes, are eaten when boiled or roasted. The flesh of the jackfruit is starchy, fibrous and is a source of dietary fiber.The flavor is similar to a tart banana. Varieties of jackfruit are distinguished according to the characteristics of the fruits’ flesh. In Brazil, three va rieties are recognized. These are: jaca-dura, or â€Å"hard† variety, which has firm flesh and the largest fruits that can weigh between 15 to 40 kilograms each; jaca-mole, or â€Å"soft† variety, which bears smaller fruits, with softer and sweeter flesh; and jaca-manteiga, or â€Å"butter† variety, which bears sweet fruits, whose flesh has a consistency intermediate between the â€Å"hard† and â€Å"soft† varieties.Moringa(Moringa oelifera), the English name, which is called Malunggay in the Philippines and Sajina in Indian Subcontinent and South East Asia is a wonderful herb known all over the world. It is best known as an excellent source of nutrition and a natural energy booster. Malunggay leaves was once considered a â€Å"poor man's vegetables† but now it is known as a â€Å"miracle tree† or â€Å"nature's medicine cabinet† by scientists and health care workers from around the world because it is loaded with vitamins and minerals that can be an effective remedy against many kinds of ailments.Other health benefits identified by people who use Moringa continue this same pattern: immune system strengthened, skin condition restored, blood pressure controlled, headaches and migraines handled, diabetes sugar level managed, inflammations and arthritis pains reduced, tumors restricted and ulcers healed. As loaded with nutrients, each ounce of Moringa contains seven times the Vitamin C found in oranges, four times the Vitamin A of carrots, three times the iron of spinach, four times as much calcium as milk and three times the potassium of bananas.Mung beans are commonly used in Chinese cuisine, where they are called ludou (literally â€Å"green bean†), as well as in Burma (where it is called penauk or peti), Thailand, Japan, Korea, Philippines, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, and Southeast Asia. In Vietnam, they are called d? uxanh (again, literally â€Å"green bean†). In Indonesia, they are calle d kacanghijau or katjangidju, and are generally eaten either whole (with or without skins) or as bean sprouts, or used to make the dessert â€Å"green bean soup†.The starch of mung beans is also extracted from them to make jellies and â€Å"transparent† or â€Å"cellophane† noodles. Mung beans are light yellow in color when their skins are removed. They can be made into mung bean paste by dehulling, cooking, and pulverizing the beans to a dry paste. In Hong Kong, dehulled mung beans and mung bean paste are made into ice cream or frozen ice pops. Mung bean paste is used as a common filling for Chinese moon cakes in East China and Taiwan. Also in China, the boiled and shelled beans are used as filling in glutinous rice dumplings eaten during the dragon boat festival.Aside from culinary purposes and providing health benefit to the people, these plants can also be utilized for other essential purposes, i. e. as feed supplements for poultry raising, especially in the present that clamour for organic farm-raised livestock and foodstock is rising. Consequently, the researchers believe that the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans will provide additional nutritional effects to commercial feeds if used as a feed supplement.This study is focused on determining the effect of the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as feed supplement to commercial chick feeds. The researchers aim to provide additional effective and cost efficient alternatives and supplements to chick feeds to help a very important economic industry in our country. Statement of the Problem This research study aims to determine the effect of the jackfruit seeds flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as supplement to commercial chick feeds.Specifically, the study sought to answer the following questions: 1. Is the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans an effective su pplement to commercial chick feeds? 2. What benefits do chicks get from the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as a feed supplement to commercial chick feeds? 3. Is there significant difference between the commercial feeds and the commercial feeds supplemented with jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans?Significance of the Study The outcome of this study will be significant to the following group of persons: General Public. This study will provide the public added assurance of the good quality of feeds and feed supplements that poultry product in the market consumes. Community Leaders. This study will allow the community leaders to start programs that will spread the effectiveness of jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as effective chicken feed supplements for the awareness of the public.Students, Instructors, and Researchers. This study will benefit them the knowledge, skills a nd information necessary for dissemination of the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as chicken feed supplements and the associated facts about the intertwined discipline of science and agriculture. Scope and Delimitation of the Study The research study was conducted from June 2010 to March 2011 in the Nabua National High School under the supervision of Ms. Neraldin Adela M. Deris, the research teacher.The research study was focused on testing the effect on broiler chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture made from jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans compared with chicks fed with commercial chick feeds only. It was delimited on determining the effect of jackfruit seeds mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans as a supplement to commercial chick feeds. Definition of Terms In the context of the study, the following terms were operationally and conceptually defined to give substantial meani ng and for easy understanding. Effect refers to something produced by an action or cause.It is that which it is produced, usually more or less immediately and directly. Commercial chicken feeds are manufactured dry mash for poultry. Control group refers to the group of chicks used as test subject that were fed with commercial chicken feed only. Experimental group refers to the group of chicks used as test subject that were fed with the commercial chicken feeds supplemented with jackfruit flour mixed with malunggay and monggo beans. Chapter II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter will introduce the review of related literature, and conceptual frameworks of the study.The review of related literature will provide clear understanding regarding the variables being studied from other published information; the review of related studies will enumerate the similarities of variables of the present study from other studies; the conceptual framework will present the correlatio n of variables and its diagrammatic representation of the variables of the thesis. These elements that were enumerated above will serve as the building block and will give great help to support and understand more the background of this study.Early men and early researchers both foreign and local were able to recognize the therapeutic actions and properties of certain plants and started gathering, collecting and afterwards reproducing those plants in mass for future intentions. Some plants have recently attracted the attention of modern science because of their potential medicinal effect and benefits to human beings. At present, there are now large quantities of works, articles, books and readings published and compiled in bookstores, libraries and nowadays can be easily found and are widely spread on the internet.These articles contained information and descriptions of the use of lots of identified and acknowledged useful plants in our ecosystem. Jackfuit, malunggay and monggo bean s belong to these known useful plants since it has many identified nutrients and effective therapeutic actions to human beings. Jackfruit (Artocarpus Heterophyllus) It is commonly used as a cuisine in Southeast Asian and South Asian countries. In South India, the jackfruit is a popular food ranking after mango and banana. They are large trees often reaching 60 feet (20 m) in nature. It is a native to south western of India, Philippines, Sri Lanka and east of Malaysia.It is believed that jackfruit’s origin to the rainforests of the Western Ghat of India. It was introduced to into northern Brazil in the mid of 19th and became very popular there. The jackfruit tree is believed to be indigenous to the south western rain forests of India. It is widely cultivated in the tropical regions of Indian subcontinent, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and Brazil for its fruit, seeds and wood. The tree grows best under tropical humid and rainy regions but rarely survives cold and frosty conditi ons, grows to as high as 30 meters, higher than the mango tree.During the season, each tree bears as many as 250 large fruits, supposed to be the  largest tree-borne fruit in the world. The fruit varies widely in size, weigh from 3 to 30 kg and has oblong or round shape measuring 10 cm to 60 cm in length, 25 to 75 cm in diameter. The unripe fruits are green in color; when ripen, might turn to light brown color and gives pungent smell. Like  durian fruit, its outer surface is covered with blunt thorn like projections which become soft in ripened fruit. The interior consists of orange-yellow colored edible bulbs.Each bulb consists of sweet flavored sheaths that enclose a smooth, oval, light-brown color seed. Jack fruit seed is 2 to 4 cm long and 1 to 3 cm thick and is white and crisp within. There may be as many as 100 to 500 edible bulbs embedded in a single fruit interspersed between thin bands of fibers. Almost all the parts of the tree gives white sticky latex like juice when injured. The fruit is made of soft, easily digestible flesh (bulbs) with simple sugars like fructose and sucrose that wheneaten replenishes energy and revitalizes the body instantly.Jack-fruit is rich in dietary fiber, which makes it a good bulk laxative. Mung Bean Also known as green bean, choroko (in Swahili), mung, mongo, moong, moog (whole) or moog dal (split) (in Bengali, Marathi), mash bean, munggo or monggo, green gram, golden gram, and green soy, is the seed of Vigna radiate which is native to  Bangladesh,  India,   and Pakistan. The split bean is known as  pesara(Telugu), which is green with the husk, and yellow when dehusked. The beans are small, ovoid in shape, and green in color. The English word â€Å"mung† derives from the Hindi:  mung.The mung bean is one of many species recently moved from the  genus  Phaseolus  to  Vigna, and is still often seen cited as Phaseolusaureus or Phaseolusradiates. Moringa Oleifera Commonly referred to as â€Å"Sh ojne† in  Bengali, â€Å"Munagakaya† in  Telugu, â€Å"Shevaga† in  Marathi  & â€Å"Nuggekai† in Kannada, â€Å"Moringa†(from  Tamil:  Murungai,  Malayalam:  Mashingasanga,  Konkani:  Muringa), is the most widely cultivated species of the genus  Moringa, which is the only genus in the family Moringaceae. It is an exceptionally nutritious vegetable tree with  a variety of potential uses.The tree itself is rather slender, with drooping branches  that grow to approximately 10 m in height. In cultivation, it is often cut back annually to 1 meter or less and allowed to regrow so that pods and leaves remain within arm's reach. The  immature  green pods called â€Å"drumstick† are probably the most valued and widely used part of the tree. They are commonly consumed in India and are generally prepared in a similar fashion to  green beans  and have a slight  asparagus  taste. The seeds are sometimes removed from more mature pods and eaten like  peas  or roasted like  nuts.The leaves are highly  nutritious, being a significant source of  beta-carotene,  Vitamin C,  protein,  iron, and  potassium. [5]  The leaves are cooked and used like  spinach. In addition to being used fresh as a substitute for spinach, its leaves are commonly dried and crushed into a  powder, and used in soups and sauces. Murungakai, as it is locally known in Tamil Nadu  and  Kerala, is used in  Siddha medicine. The tree is a goodsource for calcium orus. In Siddha medicines, these drumstick seeds are used as a sexual  virility  drug for treatingerectile dysfunction in men and also in women for prolonging sexual activity.Moringa leaves and pods are helpful in increasing breast milk in the breastfeeding months. One tablespoon of leaf powder provides 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium, 23% of the iron and most of the vitamin A needs of a child aged one to three. Six tablespoons of leaf powder will provide nearly all of the woman's daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The Moringa seeds yield 38–40%  edible oil  (called  ben oil  from the high concentration of behenic acid contained in the oil). The  refined oil  is clear, odorless, and resists  rancidity  at least as well as any other botanical oil.The seed cake remaining after oil extraction may be used as a  fertilizer  or as a flocculent to purify water. The bark,  sap, roots, leaves, seeds, oil, and flowers are used in  traditional medicine  in several countries. In Jamaica, the sap is used for a blue  dye. Chicken Feeds Feed comes in three forms:  crumbles, pellets, and  mash. Research has shown that chickens grow and lay better on crumbles (commonly used for finisher rations and some adult feeds). Pellets (usually used for adult birds) are the second-best, whereas mash is the least-preferred although the most common for starter rations. Starte r rations for chicksThe ration for  layer-breed chicks, usually called â€Å"starter rations,† should be 20 percent protein. From the time they start eating, meat chicks need a high protein feed of about 22 to 24 percent protein for the first six weeks. It’s called â€Å"meat bird starter† or â€Å"broiler starter. † Cornish X Rock crosses (Broiler chickens) grow extremely quickly and require precise diets. After the first six weeks, the protein percentage for these birds can be lowered to 18 to 20 percent until they’re butchered. â€Å"Meat bird† or â€Å"broiler grower-finisher† is generally a label aimed at meat birds in their last weeks.Grower and finisher rations shouldn’t contain antibiotics because these can be carried into the meat. Synthesis of the State-of-the-art The current study â€Å"The Effect of jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and mongo beans as chicken feed supplement† has simila rities in some aspects to the previous studies carried out by other health and agricultural researchers. For example, the seed of the jackfruit as alternative flour, the process or method of preparation used and the objective of the researcher why it was the chosen topic to be studied. The present study was similar to the previous research by T.Papazyan and P. Surai who studied the effects of Selenium feed supplementation on chick growth and development. The study mentioned evaluated the effects of Selenium supplementation on growing chicks. The difference of the present study to the previously mentioned study is that the present study will emphasize on jackfruit, malunggay and monggo bean flour mix as feed supplement on commercial feeds and its effects be studied upon based on the chick’s weight changes. Conceptual Framework Assumptions of the Study The study will be conducted in the following assumptions that: 1.The jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans is effective as a commercial chicken feed supplement. 2. The jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans would help the chicken and poultry raisers consider a healthier and organic feed supplement to commercially manufactured ones. Null Hypothesis (H0) There is no significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only.Alternative Hypothesis (Ha) There is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only. Chapter III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research Method The study made use of the experimental method to assess the effectiveness of jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans. The exper imental method comprised the systematic procedure that was used in the course of the present study.Preparation of the Jackfruit, Malunggay and Mongo Beans Flour Mixture Preparation of the individual ingredient of the flour mixture is first done separately. The jackfruit seeds were first boiled to easily remove the seed coat. After removing the seed coat, the seeds were ground into a pulp, sieved, and oven baked until it was ready to be grounded into flour like consistency. The malunggay leaves on the other hand were sun-dried first until it was ready to be finely grounded and sieved. The monggo beans underwent the same procedure as the jackfruit seeds. When all the three components were ready they were evenly mixed.Preparation of Flour The Experimental Set-up Two groups of two day old broiler chicks of almost equal weight made up of 15 chicks each were used. The control group were fed with commercial chick feeds, specifically chick starter feeds, without the flour mixture supplement . The experimental group were fed with chick starter feeds with the flour mixture supplement. Each group were fed ad libitum (ie, spontaneously, without any fixed hours or times in a day) for 10 days (from day 3 to day 13 post hatching). Each chick were weighed before the battery of feeding began each day from Day 1 to Day 10.Chapter IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Table 1. 1. The Experimental Group. Mass (g) of chicks fed with commercial chick starter feeds with jackfruit, malunggay and monggo beans flour mixture supplement Chick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment(Day 1)| After Treatment(Day 10)| Deviation (D)| D2| 1| 84| 97| 13| 169| 2| 84| 97| 13| 169| 3| 84| 96| 12| 144| 4| 84| 98| 14| 196| 5| 84| 96| 12| 144| 6| 84| 97| 13| 169| 7| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 8| 84| 96| 12| 144| 9| 84| 97| 13| 169| 10| 84| 98| 14| 196| 11| 84| 97| 13| 169| 12| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 13| 84| 97| 13| 169| 4| 84| 98| 14| 196| 15| 84| 97. 8| 13. 8| 190. 44| ?D= 196. 8| ? D2= 2588. 94| Table 1. 2. The Control Group. Mass (g) of chicks fed with commercial chick starter feeds without supplements Chick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment(Day 1)| After Treatment(Day 10)| Deviation (D)| D2| 1| 84| 92| 8| 64| 2| 84| 92| 8| 64| 3| 84| 93. 5| 9. 5| 90. 25| 4| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 5| 84| 93| 9| 81| 6| 84| 93| 9| 81| 7| 84| 93| 9| 81| 8| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 9| 84| 93| 9| 81| 10| 84| 93| 9| 81| 11| 84| 93. 2| 9. 2| 84. 64| 12| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 84| 93| 9| 81| 4| 84| 94| 10| 100| 15| 84| 93| 9| 81| ?D= 133. 2| ? D2= 1186. 64| Table 1. 3. T-test for two independent samples TREATMENT| | | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| Experimental Group| 13| 13| 12| 14| 12| 13| 13. 5| 12| 13| 14| 13| 13. 5| 13| 14| 13. 8| Control Group| 8| 8| 9. 5| 8. 5| 9| 9| 9| 8. 5| 9| 9| 9. 2| 8. 5| 9| 10| 9| Table 1. 4. X1| X12| X2| X22| 13| 169| 8| 64| 13| 169| 8| 64| 12| 144| 9. 5| 96. 25| 14| 196| 8. 5| 72. 25| 12| 144| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9| 81| 13. 5| 182. 25| 9| 81| 12| 14 4| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9. 2| 84. 64| 3. 5| 182. 25| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 10| 100| 13. 8| 190. 44| 9| 81| ?X1=196. 8| ? X12=2588. 94 | ? X2=133. 8| ? X22=1186. 64| The statistical tool used in the research study was the t-test. The null hypothesis (H0) is that there is no significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only. The alternative hypothesis (Ha) is there is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial hick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only. The result from the statistical treatment is the calculated t is larger than the t critical so the null hypothesis (H0) is rejected and the alternative hypothesis (Ha)is accepted. It is found that the flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans is effective as a feed supplement to commercially manufactured chick starter feeds. Findings The following findings were drawn from the research. 1.That there is significant difference between the weights of the chicks of the experimental and control group before and after feeding. The chicks of the experimental group, that is, those fed with chicken starter feeds with the jackfruit, malunggay and monggo beans flour mixture were found to be heavier than those of the control group. 2. The alternative hypothesis is accepted that there is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only.Conclusion With the context of the findings of this study, the researchers conclude that the jackfruit seed flour mixed with dried malunggay l eaves and monggo beans is an effective chicken feed supplement. Recommendation Based on the findings and conclusions, it is recommended that the future researchers should add new ideas that would enhance the effectiveness of the product. References/ Bibliography Internet References http://www. malunggay. com/description. htm http://www. philippineherbalmedicine. org/malunggay. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/mungbean http://en. ikipedia. org/wiki/jackfruitflour http://hubpages. com/hub/Health-Benefits-of-Malunggay-Leaves http://www. dummies. com/how-to/content/how-to-buy-healthy-chicks-for-raising-chickens. html http://professorchicken. webs. com/timelineofachicken. htm http://professorchicken. webs. com/feeding. htm http://www. bar. gov. ph/agfishtech/livestock/chickenproduction. asp#intro http://journals. cambridge. org/action/displayAbstract? fromPage=online&aid=4822704 http://www. cabi. org/animalscience/Uploads/File/AnimalScience/additionalFiles/WPSAStrasbourgAug2007/109. pd fBibliography Ahmed, K. , M. Malek, K. Jahan and K. Salamatullah 1986. Nutritive value of Food Stuff 3rd edn Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh,pp: 16-17. Burkill, H. M. , 1997. The Useful Plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol. 4, 2ndEdn. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, pp: 160-161. Hossain, M. K. , M. AzizurRahman, A. K. M. MatiorRahman and A. JabbarMian, 1990. Some low molecular weight compounds isolated and characterized from jackfruit ( Artocarpusheterophyllus). J. Bang. Acad. Sci. , 14: 49-56. M. O. Smith and R. G. Teeter (1993).Effects of feed intake and environmental temperature on chick growth and development. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 121, pp 421-425 Rahman, A. K. M. M. ,E. Huq, A. J. Mian and A. Chesson, 1995. Microscopic and chemical changes occurring during the ripening of two forms of jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus L). Food Chem. , 65: 91-97. Selvaraj, Y. and D. K. Pal,1989. Biochemical changes during ripening of jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus L). J. Food Sci. Tec. , 26:304-307. Appendices Jackfruit Seeds Malunggay Leaves Monggo Seeds E X P E R I M E N T A L C O N T R O L The ExperimentControl Setup Chick| Mass of the chicks in grams (g)| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 1| 84| 86| 86. 5| 87| 87. 5| 88| 88. 5| 89| 90| 92| 2| 84| 85| 85. 5| 86| 86. 5| 87| 88| 89. 5| 90| 92| 3| 84| 85| 86| 86. 5| 87| 87. 5| 88| 89| 91| 93. 5| 4| 84| 85| 85. 8| 86. 3| 87. 5| 88| 88. 5| 89. 3| 90| 92. 5| 5| 84| 85| 85. 8| 86| 87| 88| 89| 90| 91| 93| 6| 84| 85| 85| 86| 87. 5| 88. 5| 89| 90. 3| 91| 93| 7| 84| 86| 86. 5| 87| 87. 5| 88| 89| 90| 91| 93| 8| 84| 85. 5| 86| 86. 5| 87| 88| 88. 5| 89. 8| 90. 5| 92. 5| 9| 84| 84. 5| 85. 5| 86| 87| 88. 3| 89| 90| 91| 93| 10| 84| 85| 86| 86. | 87| 87. 5| 88| 89. 5| 90. 3| 93| 11| 84| 85| 86| 86. 5| 87. 5| 88| 89| 90| 91| 93. 5| 12| 84| 86| 85| 87| 87. 3| 88| 89| 90. 5| 91| 92. 5| 13| 84| 86| 86| 86| 87. 5| 88. 3| 89| 90| 91. 3| 93| 14| 84| 85| 85. 5| 85. 5| 86| 87| 89| 90| 91. 5| 94| 15| 84| 85. 5| 86| 86| 86. 5| 87| 88| 89. 3| 90| 93| Experimental Setup Chick| Mass of the chicks in grams (g)| | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 1| 84| 86| 88| 89| 90. 1| 91| 93| 93. 8| 94. 5| 96. 5| 2| 84| 86| 87| 88| 89. 5| 90. 5| 92| 92. 5| 93| 97| 3| 84| 86| 87| 88| 89| 90| 91| 92| 93| 96| 4| 84| 86| 87. 5| 89| 90| 91. 5| 92. | 93| 95| 97. 5| 5| 84| 86| 88| 90| 92| 92| 93| 93. 5| 94| 96| 6| 84| 86. 5| 87. 5| 88. 5| 89| 90| 91| 92| 94. 5| 96. 5| 7| 84| 86| 88| 89| 90| 91| 92| 93| 95| 97. 5| 8| 84| 87| 88| 88. 8| 90. 5| 91| 92| 93| 95| 96| 9| 84| 86| 86. 5| 88| 90| 91. 5| 93| 94| 96| 97. 5| 10| 84| 85| 86| 87. 5| 89| 90| 91. 5| 92| 95| 96| 11| 84| 87| 88| 89| 90| 91| 90| 93| 94. 5| 97| 12| 84| 86. 5| 87| 88| 89. 5| 90| 91| 92. 5| 94| 97. 5| 13| 84| 86| 87| 88. 5| 89. 5| 90. 5| 90. 5| 92| 95| 97| 14| 84| 86| 86. 8| 88| 90| 90| 90| 92| 94| 96| 15| 84| 86| 88| 89| 90| 91| 91| 93| 94. 5| 97. 8| Control GroupChick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment| After Treatment| Deviation ( D)| D2| 1| 84| 92| 8| 64| 2| 84| 92| 8| 64| 3| 84| 93. 5| 9. 5| 90. 25| 4| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 5| 84| 93| 9| 81| 6| 84| 93| 9| 81| 7| 84| 93| 9| 81| 8| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 9| 84| 93| 9| 81| 10| 84| 93| 9| 81| 11| 84| 93. 2| 9. 2| 84. 64| 12| 84| 92. 5| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 84| 93| 9| 81| 14| 84| 94| 10| 100| 15| 84| 93| 9| 81| ?D= 133. 2| ? D2= 1186. 64| Experimental Group Chick| Mass in grams (g)| | Before Treatment| After Treatment| Deviation (D)| D2| 1| 84| 97| 13| 169| 2| 84| 97| 13| 169| | 84| 96| 12| 144| 4| 84| 98| 14| 196| 5| 84| 96| 12| 144| 6| 84| 97| 13| 169| 7| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 8| 84| 96| 12| 144| 9| 84| 97| 13| 169| 10| 84| 98| 14| 196| 11| 84| 97| 13| 169| 12| 84| 97. 5| 13. 5| 182. 25| 13| 84| 97| 13| 169| 14| 84| 98| 14| 196| 15| 84| 97. 8| 13. 8| 190. 44| ?D= 196. 8| ? D2= 2588. 94| Computation H0 = There is no significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malungga y leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds only.Ha = There is significant difference in weight of chicks fed with commercial chick feeds supplemented with flour mixture of jackfruit seed, dried malunggay leaves and monggo beans and the weight of chicks fed with commercial feeds onlyThere is significant difference between the mass of chicks before and after feeding of the prepared flour mixture. Control group a. ?d2 = ? d2 – (? D)2N = 1186. 64 – (133. 2)215 = 1186. 64 – (17742. 24)15 = 1186. 64 – 1182. 816 = 3. 824 b. SD = ? d2N( N-1) = 3. 82415(14) = 3. 284210 = 0. 0182095 SD = 0. 1349 c. D = ? DN = 133. 215 = 8. 88 d. t = DSD = 8. 880. 349 = 65. 8265 df = 5 ? 0. 05 t critical = t0. 05 = 2. 571 Since the computed/calculated t is larger than the t critical (tcalculated > tcritical), reject H0 and accept Ha. Decision: There is significant difference between the mass of chicks before and after feeding of the commercial start er chicks feeds supplemented with the prepared flour mixture Experimental group a. ?d2 = ? d2 – (? D)2N =2588. 94 – (196. 8)215 =2588. 94 – 38730. 2415 =2588. 94 – 2582. 016 = 6. 924 b. SD = ? d2N( N-1) = 6. 92415(14) = 6. 924210 = 0. 0329714 SD = 0. 1816 c. D = ? DN = 196. 815 = 13. 12 d. t = DSD = 13. 20. 1816 = 72. 2467 df = 5 ? 0. 05 t critical = t0. 05 = 2. 571 Since the computed/calculated t is larger than the t critical (tcalculated > tcritical), reject H0 and accept Ha. Decision: There is significant difference between the mass of chicks before and after feeding of commercial chicken starter feeds supplemented with the prepared flour mixture. T-test for two independent samples TREATMENT| | | 1| 2| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| 10| 11| 12| 13| 14| 15| Prepared flour mixture| 13| 13| 12| 14| 12| 13| 13. 5| 12| 13| 14| 13| 13. 5| 13| 14| 13. 8| Chicken feeds| 8| 8| 9. 5| 8. 5| 9| 9| 9| 8. | 9| 9| 9. 2| 8. 5| 9| 10| 9| X1| X12| X2| X22| 13| 169| 8| 64| 13| 169 | 8| 64| 12| 144| 9. 5| 96. 25| 14| 196| 8. 5| 72. 25| 12| 144| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9| 81| 13. 5| 182. 25| 9| 81| 12| 144| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 9| 81| 13| 169| 9. 2| 84. 64| 13. 5| 182. 25| 8. 5| 72. 25| 13| 169| 9| 81| 14| 196| 10| 100| 13. 8| 190. 44| 9| 81| ?X1=196. 8| ? X12=2588. 94 | ? X2=133. 8| ? X22=1186. 64| x1 = ? X1N1 = 196. 815 = 13. 12 x2 = ? X2N2 = 133. 815 = 8. 92 Sx1-x2 = ? X12- ? X1? N1 + ? X22- ? X2? N2 N1+N2-21N1+1N2 =2588. 94- 196. 8? 15+ 1186. 64- 133. 8? 15 15+15-2115+115 =2588. 94- 38730. 415+ 1186. 64- 17902. 4415 15+15-2115+115 =2588. 94-2582. 016+1186. 64-1193. 496 15+15-2115+115 =6. 924+-6. 85628115+115 =0. 06828115+115 =0. 002429+215 =0. 002429+0. 1333 = 0. 135729 = 0. 3684 Since: SC=x? -x? Sx1-x2 =13. 12-8. 920. 3684 =4. 20. 3684 = 11. 4007 tcritical = 2. 571 tcalculated = 11. 4007 Since the computed/calculated t is larger than the t critical (tcalculated > tcritical), reject H0 and accept Ha. Decision: There is significant difference betwe en the mass of chicks before and after feeding of the commercial chick starter feeds supplemented with the prepasred flour mixture.

Inventory

What problems are facing Erik Peterson? 1. Unclear reporting structure 2. Inventory control 3. Personnel issues: a. Chief Engineer b. Subcontractor c. Employee salary issues d. Conflicts / poor relationships between various positions 4. Lack of clear direction / consistent decisions / communication from corporate 5. Lower level of actual experience from those in higher management 6. Zoning issues 7. Lack of support from corporate regarding local relationships 8. Lack of training for many key positions GMT had originally been targeted to begin service to subscribers on FebruaryY l, but it was now a month behind target because of several major problems. (Page 1) Instead of reporting to Jenkins, like originally assumed, he was assigned to Jeff Hardy, Cellulose's director of budgets and plans. Hardy had never had any system operating experience, so was unable to offer him any initial advice or guidance that was specific or helpful. Their relationship was somewhat awkward in the beginning because Peterson has never been formally told by either Jenkins or Hardy of the reporting relations hip; it just seemed to have occurred. (Page 3 and 4)The initial construction of cellular towers, performed by a subcontractor, was already several weeks behind schedule and that would never meet the turn-on target. Efforts to get the subcontractor to improve his construction rate failed, and GMT was race vying an increasing number of complaints from local citizens about the way the sub annotator was cutting through privately owned trees and property. (Page 4) CLC Peterson had difficulties with getting his chief engineer, Curt Andrews, to do t he planning and organizing necessary to ensure that equipment and supplies arrived whew n they were needed.Page 4) Peterson discussed this problem with Hardy several times a ND raised it again in Los Angels, button no avail. Curt Andrews had worked his way up an d he had gained a reputation within Cellulose for being technically frustrate. After thro e Of four months in Hanover, Peterson came to realize that Curt did not have either the administrative ability or the prior knowledge needed to start up a brand new operation. (Page e 5) Peterson raised the possibility that Curt be reassigned and replaced by a person who h ad more operating and startup experience; the people he talked with in Los Angel s insisted thatCurt had the potential to handle a startup; all he needed was more coaching and help from Peterson. Furthermore, Cellulose had just relocated Curt and his family fro m Tampa to Hanover and Peterson suspected that the company did not wish to put him the rough another move. (Page 5) Peterson took steps to help Curt improve the planning and coordination. One step he took was to have Curt call weekly construction meetings to which everyone in the o organization was invited. However, Peterson felt that Curt did not become involved enough in t hem; he found himself getting most Of his reposts directly from Curt's two su bordinates ToddJones, supervisor of the radio engineering department, and Mike Delano, supervisor of SMUT'S construction department despite his attempts to get Curt more actively involve deed. (Page 6) Another step was establishing an inventory control reporting system; but gaga n Peterson found that Curt resisted the effort. Peterson continued to have difficulty getting Eng these reports from Curt completed on time. Peterson suspected that Curt was somehow re sinful that Peterson did not trust him implicitly.The inventory control problem became s o great that on two occasions GMT ran short of the radios that were required to equip cell is e; if the radio installation team ran out of radios during the installation process the entire p recess had to be set up all over again, wasting valuable time and money. One these two cocoas ions when Curt did not plan for the radio shipment correctly, Peterson was lucky enough to g et overnight shipping. (Page 6) During this period, Peterson agai n discussed the problems with Curt asking to have him transferred but Hardy was again reluctant to take any cacti on. Page 7) Curt had problems working with Todd Jones. Many of their conflicts were over the selection and specification of antenna equipment. Over time these issues had come so frequent that Todd told Peterson on several occasions that he felt he was beet ere qualified than Curt and that he wanted Curt's job. (Page 7) Curt also had several problems w irking with Melissa Mizzen, Peterson secretary. Most of the arguments between Curt an d Melissa were over errors in applications prepared by Curt, but typed by Melissa. Peterson s suspected that Curt resented having his errors pointed out by a woman. Page 7) 0 Jim Weston, a earldom college graduate, who was brought in as director of marketing was an aggressive and ambitious man who Often rubbed people the wrong ay in his hurry to et things done. Jims market plans were not detailed enough and they require deed careful review . (Page 7) Tremor Burns, a roadside college graduate was hired to run the customer seer vice department. Tremor had many ideas, some of which were impractical and his constant flow of new ideas eventually became a problem for everyone, including Todd Jones a ND even Peterson himself; Peterson had to talk to Tremor about it.Tremor and Curt so n developed problems working with one another; Peterson believed that some of these did faculties occurred because of the many suggestions Tremor made about equipment selection an d procedures. The relationship between Tremor and Curt had become quite strained, Peters on suspected that some of these difficulties may have been caused by Curt's defensiveness over not having a college degree, and his resulting annoyance at Tremor's constant flow of critic schisms and suggestions. (Page 7) Peterson promoted his secretary, Melissa, to manager of Accounting and Cacti ovations In February with a raise in her salary.Cellulose headquarters thought that t he resulting increase over her previous salary was excessive and Los Angels only approve d an increase that was 20% less than what Peterson had originally offered to her. Peterson f let that Melissa and he knew the quality of her work had suffered as a result. (Page 8) D Peterson had offered Tremor the job at a competitive salary that Tremor had AC accepted. Todd Jones, who was making 25% less, learned about the amount of Tremor's salary and complained at the difference. Peterson had to discuss the problem with Trove r to let him know that his salary had become known within the company.Tremor voluntarily Off red to accept a salary cut of 20%, knowing that he had to learn some of the technical aspects of the cellular industry from Todd and Curt. (Page 8) Cellulose headquarters had delayed in making several key decisions and ha d several changes in equipment originally specified. As a result of these delays, Cellulose m's prime supplier of radios could not deliver on time, and Cellulo se had to go to an a Iterate source whose equipment was later found to be defective, thereby requiring renegotiate action with the first supplier.Headquarters had made a change in the power supply ratings in Deck ember which Hardy did not inform Peterson of until January. Thus the equipment that GUM T had in inventory could not be used and additional design changes had to be made. T 0 further implicate the situation, headquarters made a subsequent decision in January y to have all power supplies include backup batteries, rather than the generator system the at had originally been specified; the new power supplies did not arrive until the end of February y, (Page 8 and 9) Peterson constantly has a problem with his inability to get either support or CLC ear direction from Hardy.The one suggestion Hardy made, involved marketing to as many customers on the system as possible, but he did not have a set plan or action to do so. (Page Hardy's four visits to Hanover had been characterized a s â€Å"nitpicking' without r solution of any of the major problems that Peterson felt he had to deal with. (Page 9) Pet errors suspected that some of Hardy's indecisiveness was caused by Hardy's uncertain relation ship with his own boss, Rice Jenkins, and his little operating experience in cellular. Page 9) CLC Hardy and Peterson did not agree on how to handle the local governments, el adding Peterson to renegotiate with the local fire department after he solidified the p Ian to use the fire department's communication tower as a GMT cell site in a neighboring town . Hardy was too concerned with the budget and ROI, and not with the benefits that Cellulose and the public would get from this deal. (Page 12) Peterson felt somewhat uncomfortable in his relationships with both Cantor a ND Green because of an encounter he had had with them during his orientation period.Peterson did not care for Green's imperious and egotistical manner and feels a distinct dislike f or him. When Peterson challenges Cantor's statements, he finds she becomes agitated and visibly upset. (Page 12 and 13) One of the issues Cellulose had was the difficulty GMT was having with the e local utility in getting it to â€Å"make ready† its telephone lines according to the promised such duel. Although the meeting with the local general manager had gone well and he had promise deed better service, the utility continued to fall behind its makers schedule. Page 13) Peterson has a poor supervisor who's unsure of his skills and ability to lead their relationship was â€Å"ambiguous and awkward in the beginning† because Peters on was never informed about the reporting relationship, Hardy failed in giving clear direction n or support to Peterson. Decision making authority and power Peterson is given the responsibility of getting this initiative running, but he does not seem to have the decision making authority to make things happen quickly and efficiently. For example, he needs to get pe rmission to chi angel subcontractors and replace an engineer.No practical experience in industry Peterson cannot successfully lead without proper insight into the industry important positions to get the project off the ground are not able to handle the Eire roles (Curt) Relations to class concepts: 2. What are the underlying causes of these problems? The underlying causes of these problems are there is no communication ammo angst the company and its employees. Many of the employees do not have the proper training and knowledge for the positions they are in and do not put in enough effort, or they believe they are over quail fled than others.L] No one knows who directly to report back to, creating awkward relationships and a bad path of communication. Due to his inexperience (and possible youth) Peterson lacks respect from thou SE he manages. The overall inconsistency, especially in regard to decisions made by upper m management, has led to confusion. In regard to the upper managemen t's view of Curt, they believed that he coo old handle the job based on past performance in different areas (halo effect). Page 5) They also were influenced by the same bias in regard to resisting terminating the contract wit h the subcontractor. The majority of the team, but especially Curt, seems to suffer from excessive individualism. While Peterson did try to increase supervision of Curt and implement regular meetings, this plan may have backfired. It appears to have evoked negative feelings from C rut which have continued to affect his job performance. Perhaps offering him incentives for meeting certain expectations would have been more helpful.No leadership skills with Hardy or Peterson, neither have much experience in area, which leads to lack of confidence because of lack of expertise Lack of communication/direction/ authority between the staff and the WHQL (Peterson cannot handle all hires/ fires/wages on his own without authorization, but is supposed to be the manager) Dec ision making is not in place for the schedule and needs of the project (Deck Sino making tree or other method of planning not in place radios and power supplies short takes or not ordered in time for different steps of the process to take place) Lack of structure and skill sets in roles (Stevens moved from customer service over to do construction coordination, has a degree in social work) Confidential info was disclosed (salary info) so morale and relationships are n to as they should be in an office environment How effective has Peterson been in taking charge of the Hanover Startup, in t arms of managing the new operation and of providing leadership? Peterson has been effective in taking charge and turning around Hanover star tap so it will be ready in time for turn-on date.

Accountability is Necessary For Success †Government Essay

Accountability is Necessary For Success – Government Essay Free Online Research Papers Accountability is Necessary For Success Government Essay In this paper a correct delivery system is only understood with the accountability of the actors who are responsible of providing services to the public. Accountability is a necessary condition for a successful public delivery. Enabling agencies and delivery agencies have responsibility towards each other and to users’ needs. In this essay two different relationships are identified in the delivery system’s framework, between government and administration and between the members of the administration themselves. The market also appears as another provider of services. The literature stresses the lack of accountability and communication links between state and providers, which have negative effects on the services offered to users, whose â€Å"voices† are not always listened to. The answer to this situation is a reform of the institutional relationships marked especially by the creation of alternative organisms, which would assume state’s functions in order to fill its public delivery gaps, and which would implement the participation of the users in the decision-making sphere. 1. Accountability of institutions. Since the last decades of the 19th century the state has had the role of service delivery, that was consolidated after the Second World War with the creation of the Welfare State. This service delivery carried out through the tools of bureaucracy has been quite successful but also has failed in some countries in the form of capitalism, communism and democracy, which are all different ways of interpreting how the state should deliver public services. An state without bureaucracy may be an â€Å"ideal† for many people, but a society needs to be organized in some way to avoid situations of chaos. At the moment, the only feasible way known is through bureaucracy. All societies need the accountability of the actors responsible for delivering public services to the users. Lack of accountability is very often the reason why the delivery system fails in some countries. In the words of Day and Klein (1987) â€Å"it is precisely the day-by-day accountability, in which the rulers explain and justify their actions directly to the ruled, which distinguishes a democratic society from an elective tyranny†. They added that â€Å"who says democracy, it is tempting to say, also says accountability†. They identify an obligation of the rulers to explain and justify their public conduct. The World Bank (2004) identifies five common features in the accountability relationships among the actors of the delivery service which go beyond the mere responsibility of justifying the state’s actions but involves all the stages in the delivery process: delegating, financing, performing, informing and enforcing. These accountability features are explained by this organization, for instance, through relationships such as those between employer and employee, sellers and buyers and government and citizens. An example is when citizens of a town choose a group of people who are designated with power to act (delegation) and to establish tax and budgets (finance), as well as to supply citizens with the necessary services (performance). Voters will assess the executive’s performance taking into account the experience and the information that they have received and which will be useful to improve and enforce a better performance where necessary (enforcement). Another example of accountability relationship can be seen in a company where the employer employs people who are paid (finance) for doing a job (delegation). The performance of the workers gives the employer useful information in order to enforce and improve the quality of the employees work (enforcement). The weakness in any of these aspects of accountability means the failure of the public delivery chain. In order to fill the gap of the traditional bureaucratic system new organisms have been created to take over some of the state’s roles (NGO’s, users associations,) and some institutional actions have been put in practice, such as privatization, decentralization, participatory methods or contracting external agencies. At the moment, none of them have led to a perfect delivery system. Relationships between enabling and delivery agencies. In the chain of the delivery system three different actors can be found: the state (policy makers), providers (organizations, front-line workers) and users (individual or coalitions). All the agencies in charge of providing health, education, security, water supply and social security are included as providers. Source: The World Bank (2004) Under the framework of the enabling agencies and delivery agencies they can be found the relationships between providers and the state, among providers themselves and between the state and the market. The first set of relationships consists of agreements established between policymakers and delivery organizations. The World Bank (2004) calls these relationships as â€Å"compacts†, as they are not always considered enforceable as a contract -even if it is a form of compact. Instead, it is a long-route relationship between both actors (organizations-state) in which the government is accountable to provide delivery agencies with the necessary resources and means to undertake their job. In other words, policymakers delegate power to administrations responsible for delivering public services to users through public service agreements. The second set of relationships is an internal one among members of the delivery agency. Frontline-workers need to be given with the training and tools by managers to carry out their job. They have to be able to identify the user’s needs and develop a bottom-up relationship with them. A good co-ordination among the members of the delivery agencies is an essential requisite to achieve the objectives established by policymakers, and especially in order to answer users’ demands. Thus, frontline workers need to have very well-designed instructions, financial and technical capability and motivation to undertake their task with professional autonomy and initiative (World Bank, 2004). Moreover, sometimes, the enabling system lacks the necessary information about the provider’s needs. Absence of communication between state and providers is a common feature in the delivery chain, resulting in a failure in the whole delivery system. Policymakers should be better informed about the user’s needs and this should be reflected on the instructions that they give to the providers. The long route public service may be one of the causes of the missing information required for a more effective delivery system. The relationship between enabling and delivering agencies should change according to the users’ different needs. Hobley and Shield (2000) argue that one of the most common feature of the present public sector is its rigidity to adapt itself to new public demands. It is due, perhaps, to the lack of communication and co-ordination between policymakers and providers and also, among organizations managers and frontline-workers. Without clear objectives it is very difficult to improve the organizations’ activities and to innovate. Some states have been successful in delivering services, but the problem is when it is intended an improvement of its the quality services. For the World Bank (2004) in systems that lack accountability public service jobs are given as political favors which create relationships of political obligation. Managers and frontline-workers perform according private interests instead to the general citizens’ interest. It is very difficult to control the job of providers due to the million of interactions that every day take place in the public delivery scope, but on the other hand, stricter control may affect the performance of providers as the may feel frustrate under stronger pressure. Another constraint to the relationships of accountability is the multiple pressures under which providers work. They have to answer to the needs and interests of different segments of population. It requires different resources and enough staff which some administrators have not been provided with. The market, as another service provider, requires strong relationships with the state to offer quality services. The state is able to provide the market with adequate right conditions to make it successful (infrastructures, regulation, etc.) and the market may also provide the state with valuable information about the user’s needs. Market organizations are autonomous, which involves the management of the frontline providers in a more efficient way than public organizations do. Also, competitiveness makes them adopt innovations in the delivery of services. The problem is that the market responds exclusively to the needs of the customers with purchasing power instead of the satisfaction of individual objectives, without having into account the necessity of an universal access (World Bank, 2004). Delivering to users. According to Cornwell and Gaventa (2001) a lot of attention is being today paid to increase the responsibility and accountability of â€Å"institutions and policies through changes in institutional design and on enabling structures for good governance†. For these authors a public delivery system only will work correctly with a responsive state which covers the needs of the public and with a civil society able to express the needs of users and to demand transparency from the enabling and providers agencies. Camay and Gordon (2004) suggested that users and government should have reciprocal obligations to fulfil, in order to make their relationships effective and the public service delivery successful. They argue that both have to be transparent and accountable with their actions and to be prepared to negotiate the potential conflict and inequalities resulted by resource allocation. They add that civil society has to ensure that governments respect the rule of law when delivering services, to make sure that it is done under equity frameworks. They think that governments should also respect the autonomy and individuality of civil society and enable political and social space for their participation. More fluent communication processes should take place between both actors, so that users would be able to inform the government what services they think are realistic and feasible, according to their experience. They conclude saying that the state should then be focused in delivering these serv ices of priority to people. The abuse of power from policymakers leads to the public to claim alternative mechanisms –other than elections- to make governments accountable (World Bank, 2004). Thus, throughout the history, have been developed different ways to allow citizens to participate in the decision-making process, like ways of exercising their voice through consultation (plebiscites, citizens juries, participatory evaluation and technical assessment) designed to inform the government and to influence in the delivery system. According to the European Commission (2004) the fact that users can influence the decision that affects their lives is clearly an important indicator of the health of the democratic political process and therefore of institutional relationships. So this influence would depend basically on two factors: openness of political institutions to people’s voice and the capacity of people themselves to articulate their requirements. An example of this is during the Spanish dictato rships, when Francos’ government eliminated all kind of citizens organizations to silence their â€Å"voice†. When the relationship between the enabling system and the delivery system does not work correctly it has a significant effect on the users and on the relationships that they may develop with providers and the state. When the state is not accountable to their citizens they find it difficult to translate their experience and knowledge about the service delivery into public power, in order to claim a better public performance. Moreover, especially in developing countries, the chances of poor people of improving their living standard are very little. An example of performance failure between the agencies responsible for delivering services can be seen during the Green Revolution. Small farmers of developing countries found many bureaucratic obstacles from institutions when asking for the tools in order to adopt a new farm system based on new technologies. It was due basically to the lack of co-ordination between these agencies, which stopped farmers to access on time to the new technolo gies and compete in equal terms in the market. Therefore, they remained in clear disadvantage regarding to those with closest relationships with the government (Shepherd, 1998). The deception with the enabling agencies due to cases of corruption, lack of accountability to the users’ needs and the absence of communication between policymakers and providers have led the citizens to think about alternative ways in which they may play a more active part in the decisions of this are process of decentralization or devolution or the creation of NGO’s. According to Edwards et all. (1999) the tasks assumed by NGO’s are to fill the gap left by the public service (complementing), acting as representative of people’s interests (reforming) and as watchdogs of the state (opposing the state). Civil society therefore assumes more and more state’s functions An improvement of the service delivery requires the reform of the whole institutional relationship system and of the inadequate institution arrangements. According to the World Bank (2004) given the failure of the traditional long way model of service provision, the alternative is to relay more in the short way, which involves a more direct contact between enabling system and users. An example of this is the case of doctors willing a reform of the British National Health system giving more direct control and power to users through the payment of a basic insurance plan defined by law. Institutional reform requires not only the change of the relationship between providers and the state, but also between delivery agencies and users. Civil servants have to provide the public with a more professional service which would take into account the needs of people in most disadvantage positions and whose voice is not often head. To achieve a better front-line work will not be possible if there is not previously more clear objectives and commitment from the state with the public. Conclusion. All members of the delivery chain should be accountable to each other in order to achieve the common interests in the society. At the moment there is no society in the world which enjoys a perfectly balanced public delivery process, even if some of them have achieved good level of democracy and equity in the provision of services. When the state is not accountable in the specification of objectives and instructions to the manager administrators they will not be able to provide the frontline-workers with the information and tools necessary for a correct delivery. Also, citizens need to be able to express their voice to demand a better role from the state. It is a vicious circle than only will be possible to break with a reform of the institutional arrangements. Common institutional reforms that have taken place in some countries are decentralization and devolution of the state’s power whose efficiency is still being questioned by the public. Other important change in the scope of the delivery system is the emerge of civil organizations aimed at increasing the voice of the citizens and at failing the gap left by governments. The role of these organizations is also questioned by the public even if they have contributed, in some cases, to improve the conditions of people in most disadvantaged conditions, especially in the Third World. The market also plays an important role as a provider of services but most of time performs according to particular interests. Due to it, the market does not represent an alternative for the public service, especially for these people without purchasing power. The market would be an alternative only if takes more in consideration universal access to the service that it delivers. In conclusion, a total reform of the institutional relationship is very difficult to achieve due to the complexity of the societies and the difficulty of conveying the interests and needs of all different population segments. References. Bibliography. Day, P. and Klein, R., 1987. Accountabilities. Five Public Services. London New York: Tavistock Publications. Hobley, M. and Shields, D., 2000. Overseas Development Institute (ODI). The Reality of Trying to Transform Structures and Processes: Forestry in Rural Livelihoods. Working Paper 132. Sepherd, A. (1998). Sustainable Rural Development. London New New York: MacMillam Press LTD. St. Martin Press, INC. Webs. Camay, P. and Gordon, A., 2004. Some Basic Principles for Meeting the Challenges of Civil Society. Government Relations. CORE, Johannesburg. http//: www.ids.ac.uk/ids/civsoc/PolicyBriefs/policy6.doc (Viewed in March 2004) Cornwall, A. and Gaventa, J., 2001. Bridging the Gap: Citizenship, Participation and Accountability. PLA Notes 40. http//: www.worldbaknk.org/participation/PRSP/plna/plan_04007.pdf (Viewed in March 2004) Edwards, M. et all., 1999. Global Policy Forum. NGOs in a Global Future. Conference Backgroung Paper. Birmingham. globalpolicy.org/ngos/role/intro/gen/2000/111400.htm#11 (Viewed in March 2004) European Commission, 2004. Democracy and Human Rights. http://europa.eu.int/comm/development/body/theme/rurpol/outputs/diagnostic/html/3_1_3.htm (Viewed in March 2004) World Bank, 2004. World Development Report 2004. The framework for Service Provision. Chap. 3, pgs. 46-61. www.worldbank.org/files/30031_ch3.pdf (Viewed in March 2004) Research Papers on Accountability is Necessary For Success - Government EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBringing Democracy to AfricaOpen Architechture a white paperAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Japan and Imperialism 1853

Japan and Imperialism 1853 Introduction James Huffman is the author of the book, Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945. The author uses a dazzling and interactive sequence of events to tell how Japan dealt with the challenge of foreign policy and victimization from colonizers. The author engages the reader by explaining how Japan responded to these challenges.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 by James Huffman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adoption and promotion of imperialism in Japan had numerous effects on the country’s development strategies, as well as the welfare of citizens (Huffman 10). In addition, the author analyses the country’s imperialism framework in terms of its positives and negatives. The book examines many issues about development in Japan, as well as various empirical and theoretical concepts on the same. This essay provides a detailed review of the book by identifying and anal yzing various concepts and topical approaches. Problem: Questions/Issues Examined by the Author The issue addressed by the author in this book is how Japan managed to establish itself as an economic and political powerhouse in Asia. James Huffman applies his literacy prowess to provide a detailed and sequential recitation of how Japan redeemed the sovereignty of its people amidst the pressures of imperialism and colonization from western nations (Huffman 15). In addition, the author identifies the problem of pressure coming from Japan’s domestic settlements and administrative districts, which made it hard to achieve effective management of resources. The challenge of imperialism and colonialism was hard for Japan to deal with, as it was targeted and victimized for practicing a learned profession (Huffman 19). Significance of the Book in Understanding Asian Studies The book is very useful and significant because it helps the reader gain better understanding of historical facts about Japan. The author incorporates pictures, an alphabetical list of technical terms used in the text, chronology of events, endnotes, and references for anyone interested in expounding their knowledge on any concept developed in the reading. The author has extensively covered all the important happenings for the entire period from 1853 to1945. It is during this period when the world first experienced Japan. It is also the time the Asian country gave in to the demands of the colonial masters following the bombing of its two major cities (Huffman 26). The two cities bombed by the western colonial masters were Nagasaki and Hiroshima.Advertising Looking for book review on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following the bombings, Japan allowed the western colonial masters to extend their rule over its people. The author gives an in-depth analysis of how imperialism shaped Japan in terms of economic development, t echnological growth and adaptation, as well as improvement of its political system (Huffman 29). The reading provides detailed, reliable, and informative facts about Japan’s history during the period covered. I would recommend this reading to anyone interested in learning how Japan has managed to remain resilient in its efforts to become a global powerhouse. The period covered by this reading has all the right information on what shaped Japan’s economic and political agendas. Theoretical and Topical Approach of the Author in the Book The theoretical approach applied by the author is one that explains the concept of imperialism, and how it helped to shape Japan’s development strategies. The main topic in the reading is imperialism, which the author believes motivated Japan to economic and political development. Because of foreign policy influence, Japan was able to develop effective policies for economic development, as well as create an inclusive political syste m that focused on improving the welfare of all citizens (Huffman 41). In addition, the author explains how the concept of imperialism helped Japan to amplify its boarders. Expansion of administrative boarders helped Japan to enhance its resource capacity that was influential in development of better technologies. In the reading, the author gives an example of the city of Hokkaido, where residents benefited from technical institutions set up to develop their farming practices through better technologies (Huffman 45). Other cities benefited from hosting military camps for colonial missions in other regions and countries across the Asian continent. Imperialism helped to empower the people of Japan economically, through their various projects and missions. The author uses an interactive approach to explain the concept of imperialism, and how it helped Japan to develop an inclusive political system. The influence of foreign policy made Japan open up to the idea of developing relations wi th other countries.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 by James Huffman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This resulted in the signing development agreements with other countries that also built embassies in the country (Huffman 49). According to the author, these developments played a crucial role in Japan’s expedition to economic independence and better international trade relations. Key Concepts: Main Empirical and Theoretical Concepts The author presents four important concepts throughout the reading. The four concepts are victimization, foreign policy, patriotism, and contemporary foreign policy. The author defines colonialism as the strategy of victimizing people from outside one’s self-governing boarders through possession and control (Huffman 63). The other concept presented by the author is foreign policy, which refers to instances where a country aggressively extends its authority over other people by imposing its policies on them (Huffman 66). The author uses Japan, a victim of foreign policy to expound on this concept. Patriotism is another concept present in the reading. The author defines patriotism as the commitment that people show towards their nation by supporting its various interest areas and cultural practices that define its identity. However, the author warns that patriotism can take either a positive course or a negative course, depending on policy frameworks used by a government (Huffman 68). The final concept presented in the reading is contemporary foreign policy. The author explains this concept as a strategy that is applied by influential western nations to acquire more colonies in Africa and Asia. Summary of Argument to the Reading Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 is a book that presents many interesting, informative, and knowledgeable realities about Japan (Huffman 2). The book has few pages, which means that the aut hor has not extensively covered the history of Japan. The author addresses various elements of Japan’s history, albeit in very diminutive detail. The main arguments presented in the reading by the author focus on imperialism, colonization, opening up of Japan to the rest of the world, impacts of foreign policy and victimization on Japan’s development agenda (Huffman 53). Other arguments developed in the reading talk about how Japan dealt with World War II and the economic depression.Advertising Looking for book review on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Data and Evidence Presented The author applies a variety of data to present the concept of imperialism in Japan’s history. The data comprises narratives about influential individuals from western colonies, who contributed towards guiding Japan’s development agenda (Huffman 17). The references used are quite reliable, as they come from credited sources such as novels and journals. The author also uses data from articles printed following research studies by Ivy League institutions, such Stanford University and University of Washington (Huffman 79). The use of reliable data has made the book a worthy read and a legitimate reference for future studies. Validity of Accounts and Arguments in the Reading The author uses a very persuasive style of writing, which validates the arguments developed in the reading. Although the narrative is not long enough, the author has managed to provide accurate data that convinces the reader. The use of reliable and easily accessible sources further validates information provided in the reading. This provides an opportunity for a reader to do further reading on various concepts and theories applied in the reading (Huffman 79). I can confidently say that the book is valid and convincing enough for any reader who wants a reliable source on Japan’s history. Strengths and Limitations of the Reading Imperialism and Japan 1853-1945, is an amazing book that provides an interesting summary of Japan’s rich history in few pages. The four concepts developed in the reading are sufficient in providing the reader with necessary information on the subject (Huffman 10). Clear elaboration of concepts and theories in the book makes it easy and interesting for the reader to have deep understanding of its content. Use of chronology, endnotes, and a detailed timeline makes the reading to stand out and appealing to a reader. I would highly recommend this book to anybody interested in learning Japan’s rich history. Huff man, James. Japan and Imperialism: 1853-1945. New York: Association for Asian Studies, 2010. Print.

Edit and Proofread Your College Essay in Eight Steps

Edit and Proofread Your College Essay in Eight Steps Editing is a necessary part of the writing process. When you edit something you write, you inevitably make it better. This is especially true when it comes to writing essays.  Proofreading and editing your essay can seem tedious, but it is actually a simple task if you tackle it in an organized manner. Just remember to take it slow and check for one thing at a time. Step One: Use the Spellchecker Chances are you used a word processor to compose your essay. Most word processing programs are equipped with a spellchecker. To begin editing your essay, use the spellchecker option to check for spelling errors. Correct problems as you go. Next, use the grammar checker on your word processing program (if it has one) to check for grammar errors. Most grammar checkers now look for comma usage, run-on sentences, passive sentences, tense problems, and more. Using your judgment and the grammar checker’s suggestions, edit your essay. Step Two: Print Your Essay Now it’s time to begin manually checking your essay. You could do this on your computer but it is better to print a copy if you can. Errors will be easier to catch on paper than on a computer screen. Step Three: Review Your Thesis Statement Begin by reading the thesis statement of your essay. Is it clear and easy to understand? Does the content of the essay properly support the statement? If not, consider revising the statement to reflect the content. Step Three: Review the Introduction Make sure that your introduction is concise and adequately developed. It should be more than a statement of your intentions and opinion. The introduction should set the tone of your essay- a tone that continues throughout. The tone should be consistent with the subject matter and the audience that you want to reach. Step Four: Review the Paragraph Structure Check the paragraph structure of your essay. Each paragraph should contain pertinent information and be free of empty sentences. Get rid of any sentence that seems slightly irrelevant. Also, check your transition sentences. Your essay will appear choppy is there is not a clear transition from one idea into the next. Step Five: Review the Conclusion The conclusion of your essay should reference your thesis statement. It should also be consistent with the structure and/or argument of your essay. Take extra time to polish your conclusion. It will be the last thing the reader sees and the first thing that they remember. Step Six: Read Your Essay Aloud Next, read your essay aloud. Pause in your reading as punctuation indicates. This will help you determine how your essay flows and sounds. If you hear something that you don’t like, change it and see if it sounds better. Step Seven: Manually Check Spelling, Grammar, and Punctuation Once the content of your essay has been rewritten, it’s essential that you manually check for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Your word processor will not catch everything. Check carefully for subject/verb agreement, tense sequence, plurals and possessives, fragments, run-ons, and comma usage.   Step Eight: Get Feedback If possible, have someone else read your essay and offer suggestions for improvement. If you don’t have anyone who can do this for you, do it yourself. Because you’ve spent so much time looking at it by now, set your essay aside for a couple of days before going back to it. This will allow you to critique it with a fresh pair of eyes. Editing and Proofreading Tips When writing your essay, make sure you allow time for edits.Follow the rules of your assignment. If you were given a word count, abide by it.Fact check. Fact check. Fact check.For a more organized essay, create an outline prior to writing. When you edit, refer to your outline to make sure that you covered all of the necessary points.Proofread slowly. Its easy to miss errors when you read too fast.

Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Egypt - Essay Example The settlement marked the onset of a more centrally oriented society; the Early Dynasty Period (3100-2686 BCE); the kingdom of the earliest Egyptian king Menes. The Egyptians made use of copper, made architectural and state buildings. Firmly established was the concept of 'Divine Kingship' which persisted in Egypt for around three millennia (Kinnaer, 2012). The Old Kingdom (2686-2181 BCE) was one of the high times of the Egyptian civilization, centered on the God kings; their mummification and the concept of immortality being practiced for the royals and the priests. The first evidence of statue making, painting and writing of annals of important events is also found in this dynasty. This Era in antiquity was followed by collapse of the unified Egypt due to political instability, famine and local violation of temples and then began the First Intermediate Period(2181-2055 BCE) which witnessed much turmoil in shape of low floods. While the Nile floods allowed cultivation of land, Herak leopolitan king Bahr Yusuf restored order and stability in the region. Subsequently the Theban ruler Mentuhotep unified Egypt again and gave way to the establishment of Middle Kingdom (Hassan, 2012). The Theban ruler reestablished central authority, regained hold of southern delta and unified the two valleys to usher the Middle Kingdom(2055-1650 BCE). In this era the Cult of Orisis was attended to and military campaigns were sent, that contributed in regaining Egypt`s lost land. Finest carved reliefs and outstanding monuments like Mentuhotep's mortuary complex are the gifts of this dynasty to the Egyptian history (Meyers, 1996). When the Huskos invaded this land, the Second Intermediate(1650-1550 BCE) Period started which was characterized mainly by decentralization, change of center to Thebes, production of literary and scientific text and administrative records. This era ended after the Theban rulers drove Huskos away from Avaris. Subsequent rise of the Theban ruler Ahmose ushered the New Kingdom (1550-1069 BCE) and the pharaohs commanded unimaginable wealth.The Empire became the most prosperous of all times and at the peak of its power (Shaw, 2000). A number of artistic finds are related to this period including monumental architecture, mortuary temples of Thebes, statuary to honor pharaohs and gods, huge tombs made by cutting rock and various artistic masterpieces created by common individuals of that society. This period spans over five centuries (Logan, 1977). With the death of the pharaoh in 21st Dynasty, began the 350 years duration of politically divided rule; and finally at the end Nubians took over; in the Third Intermediate Period however bronze statuary kept on flourishing (the Third intermediate Period, metmuseum.org). After some years of Nubian rule, Assyrians invaded the land and fought for about 8 years; the Late Period(664-332 BCE) began from here, then the Saite took over and Egypt became its ally. After fall of Assyrians, Babylonians posed the major threat but the Persians conquered Babylon and with it Egypt as well. Alexander the Great defeated the Persians in 332 B.C. The last dynasty to rule ancient Egypt was Nectanebo, and Nectanebo II

Managerial theories and behaviour or What are the building stones for Dissertation

Managerial theories and behaviour or What are the building stones for a succesful manager - Dissertation Example Thus, managers should be highly capable of responding to various role expectations and behaviors for them to accomplish managerial effectiveness (MacMahon and Murphy, 1999). Change is a permanent feature of contemporary workplaces. The occurrence of change has become a great challenge for companies in achieving long-term success and survival, thus, the need for highly capable and competent managers. To efficiently and effectively select managers who are competent enough to face organizational issues can be one of the most important measures that a company can take in responding to changing environments. This may be carried out by continuously enhancing their skills and knowledge to keep up with the rapid pace of change (Martynov, 2010). Essentially, while organizations ensure that the most competent employees are recruited and trained, developmental efforts are constantly done to further enhance the effectiveness and overall quality of their managerial workforce. Managerial effective ness has been described through various perspectives during the past years as many have attempted to generate a single definition for this concept. In the hotel industry, successful managers possess a wide range of skills together with specialized knowledge, all of which are directed towards accomplishing enterprise objectives. Various studies have reported that managers who work in the hotel industry should demonstrate an accommodating attitude and be aware of hospitality systems; completely understand service quality; be capable of evaluating the quality of work to continuously provide satisfactory services; be able to create a dynamic work environment; establish open and strong interpersonal communications with other organizational members; be capable of assessing situations and developing cost-effective strategies to increase profits; control ambiguous circumstances, and effectively manage operations (Soehanovic, Zougaj, Krizoman, and Glavica, 2000). Generally, hotel managers ar e expected to create favorable relationships with employees and guests while running productive operations and achieving organizational goals. The current study, therefore, focuses on the necessary skills and behaviors of managers in the hotel industry in order to accomplish managerial effectiveness and lead their businesses to success. The framework applied in the work of Chauhan, Dhar, and Pathak (2005), emphasizing managerial effectiveness through functional and personal effectiveness, will be used in the current research. Research Aims and Objectives Acknowledging the vital role that managers play in organizations, the current study aims to address the following objectives: 1. To understand managerial effectiveness and its impact on the entire organization. 2. To identify the most important skills and attributes that managers should possess in order to cope with various organizational concerns. 3. To examine the current managerial practices and behaviors in the hotel industry an d their effects on organizational outcomes. Significance of the Study The hotel industry is faced with a variety of challenges that need to be effectively addressed to ensure the satisfaction of customers, retention of capable employees, and long-term success of the businesses. The current study can help contribute to management literature by identifying effective managerial behaviors that can allow organizational

Competitive Markets & Free-Market Economies Essay

Competitive Markets & Free-Market Economies - Essay Example In the real world these four characteristics do not hold true. Products are not homogenous, there are some barriers to entry or exit, there is imperfect information available in the market and sometimes there are significant transaction costs. In 2010 the US dropped from the number one competitive market to the third most competitive market in the world. The number one position was occupied by Switzerland while Hong Kong came in and retained its number two spot (Pravda 2010). Although compared to other countries US is more competitive there are some industries where there is no competition. One example of such an industry is the space industry. There is just one company, NASA that is owned by government; operating in this market hence it has a monopolistic nature. It is very difficult for new firms to enter the industry given the large amount of capital needed to as initial investment. Hence it is a very non-competitive industry. Similarly there is also a non-competitive market that exists in the US defense and security industry with the FBI, CIA and police all owned by the government. There is no private competition in these industries as the government considers the matter of defense and security very serious and does not entrust these matters to private companies. On the other hand there are some very competitive industries that exist in the US. The banking industry for example is very competitive with many firms operating in the industry. A large amount of banks local and foreign, big and small are operating in America. Some examples of these banks include Bank of America, Citibank, Barclays and HSBC among others. Other examples of competitive industries include the clothing industry, automobile industry, beer industry, shoes industry and many more. The US has tried to maintain a highly competitive industry by promoting competition through its policies. The US encourages firms to enter different industries by eliminating or lowering trade barriers by passin g laws related to different industries, promoting trade through signing free trade agreements, lowering trade barriers and encouraging foreigners to invest in the country by providing them with more and more investment opportunities. In my opinion a country is competitive if there is a lot of competition among firms and they are free to choose their own industry to compete in. As the major characteristic of a competitive market is that there are many buyers and sellers in the industry hence due to their relatively small size in the market they are not able to influence market factors such as price. Hence if a market has many firms which have a small market share and are not able to influence market price, such markets can be considered as competitive. Similarly the other three characteristics of a competitive market must also be present in the market for such a market to be competitive. For a market to be labeled as a ‘