International Institutions and Nuclear Proliferation: The Dependence on

The Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) that took effect in 1968 was the landmark of supranational cooperation during the frigidness War. As of 2015, there are 190 nations as parties to the treaty with four abstentions and one withdrawal. While the cooperative importance of this treaty cannot be understated, it is not the solely supranational Institution that has a prominent place in the non-proliferation, disarmament and nuclear safety realm. The question isnt whether these institutions are necessary in the international community, but how effective these Non-Governmental Organizations and institutions are in an international community dominated by sovereign nations. These institutions may have member states or they may be a transnational cooperative based on private/public funding and have obtained authority by its actions and/or the support of sovereign states. In order to argue the merits of this diverse range of NGOs and international institu tions in nuclear non-proliferation, disarmament and safety, I will look at the NPT and briefly at its tutelar body, the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), the EU Non-Proliferation Consortium and finally the IAEA, or the International Atomic Energy Agency. In order to say the effectiveness of these organizations, I will analyze their mandate, their operational flexibility and their authority in certain cases, such as the ongoing Syrian Crisis, the nuclear fact in Iran, and finally recent pressures in the Middle East with regards to the NPT, namely the relationship between Israel and nearby Arab states.The NPT has been the called the most binding non-proliferation agreement in existence and has influenced all national and interna... ...-547. About ISIS, Institute for Science and International Security, accessed November 5, 2013, http//isis-online.org/about/. Patrick Migliorini et al., Iranian Breakout Estimates, Updated September 2013, Institute for Science a nd International Security, October 24, 2013, accessed November 5, 2013, http//isis-online.org/uploads/isis-reports/documents/Breakout_Study_Summary_24October2013.pdf 1. Richard Engel and Robert Windrem, Israel teams with scare group to kill Irans nuclear scientists, US officials tell NBC News, NBC News, accessed November 4, 2013, http//rockcenter.nbcnews.com/_news/2012/02/09/10354553-israel-teams-with-terror-group-to-kill-irans-nuclear-scientists-us-officials-tell-nbc-news. Ian Johnstone, US-UN Relations after Iraq The End of the World (Order) As We Know It? European Journal of International Law, 15(4) (2004) 814.

Jacobson V. United States :: essays research papers

Jacobson v. United StatesSupreme Court of the United States 1992. 503 U.S. 540, 112 S.Ct. 1535. FACTS= On September 24, 1987, Keith Jacobson was indicted on charges of violating a provision of the Child Protection Act of 1984, which criminalizes the perspicacious receipt through mail of a visual depiction that involves the use of minors engaging in sexually explicit conduct. On Feb 1984 Jacobson ordered deuce magazines in the mail of young boys. The magazines entitled Bare Boys 1 and Bare Boys 2, contained poppycock of nude young boys from preteen to teens. Jacobson claimed that he want to order material of 18 year olds and up. However Jacobsons receipt of the magazines was legal under both federal and Nebraska police forces. Laws were constructed three months after the order was filled that banned all sexual depictions of children. Soon after the Gov. started setting up Jacobson by sending him applications to phony organizations that were illegally based. PROCEDURAL HISTORY= Thi s was brought to the state court were Jacobson was set up guilty and then after exhausting the state level he appealed to supreme court of the United States.ISSUE= The issue involving this case is during the time Jacobson purchased the magazines they were legal. The administration directed Jacobson into many different phony organizations to trap him into guilt. The jury must decide whether Mr. Jacobson willingly participated in illegal activities or was just involved by being duped by the government.HOLDING= The government showed that the defendant was predisposed to engage in illegal conduct. He authentic the photos, and was predisposed to willingly break the law to do so. He was found guilty because they do not have to show that he intended to break the law only that he received illegal material of minors.

college parties Essay -- essays research papers

College PartiesEver since Ive come to college my whole life has changed. Living on my own is fun simply I miss universe back home. I hate having to do my own laundry and clean my room, I miss my mom doing those things for me. Ive made many new friends that I hang out with everyday and weve become extremely close. I think I identical them so much because they remind me of my friends from back home. The work is too a lot harder than high school and it is very stressful. Once I finish all the work that I have to do I like to party to get my mind off of it.Our school is not a very big party school but when there are parties to go to they are usually pretty good. The party nights during the week are usually on Tuesday, Friday and Saturday. Usually the main party nights at college are on Thursdays but since our school is a suitcase school our main party night is Tuesday. The parties to go to are either in the village, Park Avenue or in the suites. The real good parties are at the bask etball house and football house but they only have parties when they win, which isnt very often.The types of things that go on at these parties are fights, alcohol and drinking games, loud music, dancing, socializing, smoking, rape, drugs, sex, drunk driving, and police. When I got to my first party it was nothing like high school parties. There was so &n...

Billiards :: essays research papers

Billiards     The history of billiards begins in the fourteenth century. The game wasinvented in Europe, but there was a conflict as to what country. The Frenchbelieved that the English invented the game, but at the same time, the Englishthought the French did. In the end, a French billiards specialist foundevidence that the game originated in France about the fourteenth century. Theword "billiard" is derived from two French words, "billiart" and "bille". Thesetwo words mean "stick" and "ball". model them together, and you get stick-ball orpool as its called these days. At first the game was fulfiled outside, butduring the winter it got too cold so the game was locomote inside onto large tables.After a couple of years, green cloth was installed on the bed of the table tomake an illusion of the grass outside. The sticks used at the time were large,and men used slightlycurved sticks while the women used straight, narrow o nes.The sticks werent used as they are today to hit the ball but rather to aim theballs around the table, similar to the game of shuffle board. As the game gotmore popular, as it is today, the sticks got narrower and easier to use(Billiards, http).     A few games today are similar to billiards, much(prenominal) as shuffleboard, andthe same equipment - stick and balls. One of the most important tools toplaying any game of this type is the table. In the fourteenth century, thelength of the tables was much agelong than today becuase they were used insteadof playing outside. Today the sized of the tables varies all over the worl.The dimensions range anywhere from nine by four and a fractional feet to ten by fivefeet (Billiards, Colliers).     Another tool used to play the game is the cue stick. The cue srickweighs in a range of twelve to cardinal ounces, and the straighter the cue,the better. At the end of the cue is a leather tip, which is used to hit theball with great accuracy. If the stick were to hit the ball with the leathertip chalked, past a better shot would be made rather than one without thechalked end. As most people now know, the chalk is used to give a better shot.The chalk is a blue color and comes in a little square inch type cube.     Another item needed to play a game of billiards is the balls, fifteenobject balls and one cue ball. The cue ball is the only ball that is to be hit

Welty’s A Worn Path: The Strength of Love :: A Worn Path essays

Strength of Love in A Worn Path In the story A Worn Path, Eudora Welty shows an superannuated woman living in a time period where racial prejudice is rampant and out of control. Phoenix Jackson is a grandmother whose solitary(prenominal) motivation for living is to nurture her grandson back to health. The strength of love may make people do or say unusual and implausible things. The primeval idea of this story is that love can empower someone to over come many life-threatening obstacles. The idea is shown when an white-haired woman conquers all odds against her to show her everlasting love for her grandson. Throughout the story Phoenix Jackson has to overcome many types of obstacles that hinder her in her devotion to help her grandson. One of the primary(prenominal) hindrances that stand in her way is the physical aspect of her age as well as the journey. Phoenix Jackson is very weak and feeble because of her old age so that makes her long journey very strenuous. some other (prenominal) physical obstacle is that she has to weave and duck under a barbwire fence. Her feeble body cannot traction such tasks at her age. The third hindrance she must defeat is that she must cross over a log that lay across a creek. This requires concentration, skill, and patients. flush people whom are twice as young as Phoenix have trouble doing such things. Not many other emotional force other then love is strong enough to give power to an old woman who is living only for one reason. She ca-cas that if she were to die then the doom of her grandson would be damned. There are also mental obstacles that obstruct Phoenixs journey. She has to triumph over her weariness because of her old age and her mental fatigue. As she is walking her mind plays tricks on her, such as the time when she is in the field and mistakes the scarecrow for a dark mysterious figure that she is frightened of. Another time is when she talks to herself and the animals in the woods. She tells them n ot to get in her way because she has a long trip ahead of her. The love that one person gives to another is never truly appreciated until the recipient realizes what that person has actually done. The grandson may be too ill or even too young to realize what his grandmother is doing for his safety.

A Detailed Business Report of One Medium Size or Large Business :: Business Management Studies

A Detailed Business Report of One Medium Size or Large BusinessI imbibe been asked to produce a detailed business report of one mediumsize or large business. My well- planned business report shouldcontain The objectives, organisational social structure and communication channels that operate within the business. An examination of how these factors, interrelate in a way that can affect the success of the business. An explanation of how quality toast and control assurance and control systems help the business to add value to its products. Consideration of alternative methods of quality assurance and control. Consideration of how well the business is impact its objectives. An explanation of the impact of ICT upon the internal and external communications of the business.E1- The classification of the business according to its ownership, andan explanation of the benefits and constraints of this type ofownership.Mixed Economy Businesses fall into two categories A PrivateEnterprise or a Public Enterprise. In private there are businessessuch as sole proprietors, partnerships, limited companies andfranchises. In the macrocosm section you have public corporations,government departments and local authorities. I have written detaileddescriptions of some of these below.Sole Trader - A sole bargainer is a one-person business, commonly foundin trades where only small amounts of finance are required to set upand where there are rattling few advantages to the existence of largerorganisations (e.g. hairdressing, newsagents, market traders). Soletraders often employ waged employees, but they alone have to provideall the finance (often savings and bank building loans) and accept all therisks of the business venture. In return, they have full control ofthe business and enjoy all the profits. A sole trader faces unlimited liability for his/her debts and it is referred to as an unincorporatedbusiness this means that there is no legal difference between thebusiness and the owner.Partnerships A partnership consists of between 2 and 20 individuals.Each partner is responsible for the debts of the partnership andtherefore you would need to choose your partners carefully and draw upan agreement on the responsibilities and rights of each partner.Partnerships are comparatively easy to set up and will generate morecapital. The most common examples of a partnership are doctorssurgeries, veterinarians, accountants, solicitors and dentists. Mostpartners in a partnership face unlimited liability for their debts.The only exception is in a Limited Partnership. This is where apartnership may wish to inscribe additional finance, but does not wish totake on any new active partners.Private Limited Company - Often private limited companies are small,

A Detailed Business Report of One Medium Size or Large Business :: Business Management Studies

A Detailed Business Report of One Medium surface or Large BusinessI live with been asked to produce a detailed backup report of one mediumsize or with child(p) business. My well- planned business report shouldcontain The objectives, organisational structure and communication channels that operate within the business. An examination of how these factors, interrelate in a way that arouse affect the success of the business. An explanation of how forest assurance and control assurance and control systems help the business to add value to its products. Consideration of alternative methods of quality assurance and control. Consideration of how well the business is meeting its objectives. An explanation of the impact of ICT upon the internal and external communications of the business.E1- The classification of the business according to its ownership, andan explanation of the benefits and constraints of this character ofownership.Mixed Economy Businesses f alone into two categor ies A snobbishEnterprise or a Public Enterprise. In private there are businesses such as sole proprietors, leagues, limited companies andfranchises. In the public section you have public corporations,government departments and local authorities. I have written detaileddescriptions of more or less of these below.Sole Trader - A sole trader is a one-person business, commonly foundin trades where only small amounts of finance are undeniable to set upand where there are very few advantages to the existence of largerorganisations (e.g. hairdressing, newsagents, market traders). Soletraders often employ waged employees, but they alone have to provideall the finance (often savings and bank loans) and accept all therisks of the business venture. In return, they have full control ofthe business and enjoy all the profits. A sole trader faces unlimitedliability for his/her debts and it is referred to as an unincorporatedbusiness this means that there is no legal difference between thebusi ness and the owner.Partnerships A partnership consists of between 2 and 20 individuals.Each partner is responsible for the debts of the partnership andtherefore you would need to choose your partners carefully and draw upan agreement on the responsibilities and rights of each partner.Partnerships are relatively easy to set up and will generate morecapital. The most common examples of a partnership are doctorssurgeries, veterinarians, accountants, solicitors and dentists. Mostpartners in a partnership face unlimited liability for their debts.The only exception is in a limited Partnership. This is where apartnership may wish to raise additional finance, but does not wish totake on any new active partners.Private Limited Company - Often private limited companies are small,

Poverty Eradication Plan

The pauperisation eradication Action Plan (PEAP), Ugandas equivalent of a want Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), serves as the hoidenishs of import ontogeny strategy and readying textile for competitiveness want. Governments overriding aim as espouse in PEAP is cut down the meat number of people living in absolute poverty to less than 10% of the commonwealth by 2017 (MFPED 2001). PRSPs argon case supply manikins for beginning-income countries.They ar a requirement for all(prenominal) countries that would like to entrance concessional loans through and through the leanness Reduction Growth Facility (PRGF) or to advance from debt relief chthonic the Heavily indebted(predicate) Poor Countries (HIPC) beginning(a). They are alike the main framework around which most bilateral presenters are to build their cooperation (WHO 2004). Developed in 1997, prior to the advent of the PRSP initiative by the World fix, PEAP is widely acknowledged to be a home- createn aim with clear national ownership and leadership.Since its formulation, PEAP has undergone two rounds of revision. The first round of revision was in 1999/2000 and it gave rise up to PEAP 2001. The second round was in 2002/2003 and gave rise to the PEAP 2004. PEAP 1997 was structured around four areas a) macro frugal policy, b) institutional framework for poverty eradication, c) policy framework to addition incomes of the suffering, and d) measures to improve the prime(a) of life of the wretched (MFPED 1997).Following the introduction of the PRSP initiative, a mutual agreement was reached amongst the Government of Uganda and the World Bank to retain PEAP as Ugandas PRSP with some improvements practically(prenominal) as widening consultations on the plan and b passageening its scope to complicate detailed diagnosis of poverty in the country. * Whats New * turn up Map * Site Index * Contact Us * Glossary - Top of Form Bottom of Form * Home * About the IMF * Research * Country entropy * News * Videos * Data and Statistics * Publications Uganda and the IMFS closure your comments on PRSPs and IPRSPs to emailprotected rg See in any case impoverishment Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs)Free Email NotificationReceive emails when we post new items of interest to you. Subscribe or Modify your profile Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper Ugandas Poverty Eradication Action Plan Summary and Main Objectives Ministry of Finance, Planning and sparing learning Kampala, Uganda March 24, 2000 Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are prepared by member countries in broad consultation with stake concedeers and development partners, including the staffs of the World Bank and the IMF.Updated e rattling trine years with annual increase reports, they describe the countrys macroeconomic, structural, and social policies in support of ingathering and poverty drop-off, as well as associated orthogonal financing needs and major sources of financing. This country docum ent is world do on tap(predicate) on the IMF website by agreement with the member country as a service to users of the IMF website. Use the free Adobe Acrobat Reader to view affix Tables and Chart 1 (212 KB) Contents 1. Introduction Ugandas planning framework The revision of the PEAP2. field of call for vision and boilersuit goals Reducing bsolute income poverty Raising pedagogyal achievement of Ugandans Improving the health of the people Giving voice to myopic communities3. The Poverty Eradication Strategy Creating a framework for economic produce and transformation Good governing body and security Actions which right away increase the ability of the little to raise their incomes Actions which straightway improve the timber of life of the poor4. Macroeconomic stability, medium- and long-term economic consumption implications of the PEAP Macroeconomic stability and the macroeconomic framework The Medium-Term Expenditure FrameworkUsing the PAF to prioritise common e xpenditure Poverty priorities and the PAF Additionality Accountability of PAF resources The overall allocation of expenditures at bottom the MTEF Intermediate output targets in the medium-term Long-run targets and costings Long-run resource availability5. The Monitoring Strategy augment Table 1 Goals, targets and indicators in the PEAP 2000 Annex Table 2. 1. Uganda Selected Economic and Financial Indicators, 1996/971999/2000 Annex Table 2. 2. Uganda Fiscal Operations of the Central Government, 1996/972002/2003 Annex Table 2. . Uganda Balance of Payments, 1996/972002/03 Annex Table 2. 4. Uganda Monetary Survey, 20003 Annex Table 3 Summary of Medium-Term Expenditure Framework Contents1. IntroductionThis paper is a synthesis of the main features of the Government of Ugandas Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP). The PEAP has hightail itd the formulation of government policy since its inception in 1997, and is currently being revised. Under this plan, Uganda is being transformed in to a modern economy in which people in all arenas hind end participate in economic harvest-tide.This implies a number of conditions * The economy requires structural transformation, including the modernisation of agriculture, the development of industries which build on convey and supply inter-group communicationages from agriculture, and continued institutional development in the legal and pecuniary sectors. * Poor people must be able to participate in this growth, both by expanding smallholder agriculture and by increasing custom in industry and serve. * Economic growth must be sustainable, gritty character reference and broadly ground. The non-material aspects of poverty must be addressed democratic studies run through sayn that peril, illness, isolation, and disempowerment are as meaning(a) to the poor as low incomes. Ugandas Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) is established on four major pillars * Creating a framework for economic growth and transformation * Ensuring reasoned governance and security * Directly increasing the ability of the poor to raise their incomes * Directly increasing the quality of the life of the poor.The revision of the PEAP in 2000 draws on the progress make since 1997, including the development of sector-wide approaches, the participatory research carried out by the Uganda participatory Poverty Assessment Project (UPPAP), the constraints identify in the Poverty Status Report, and the development of costings of earthly concern actions and monitorable indicators in key, poverty-oriented sectors. It forget alike place a greater emphasis than the 1997 document on the actions which promote hush-hush sector development and indeed direct indirectly to poverty-reduction. The revised PEAP is Ugandas Comprehensive festering Framework.Ugandas planning frameworkThere deport been a number of initiatives to streng thusly the planning offshoot in recent years. This includes major informatory exercises interrelate ing Ugandas long term goals and objectives, much(prenominal) as Vision 2025, describing national aspirations, and the 1997 Poverty Eradication Action Plan as a national planning framework to guide detailed medium term sector plans, regularise plans, and the budget mold. In turn, detailed sector-wide plans and coronation programmes pass water reached varying degrees of completion, set in spite of appearance an overall medium term expenditure framework.A programme of strengthening district message to prepare medium term expenditure frameworks is also underway. The modern approach to planning involves ensuring that the right framework has been established to enable effective programming, implementation and monitoring. Chart 1 describes the flows and relationships in the midst of different plan/policy processes in Uganda. The most grievous point to note is that these elements interact in an ongoing process. Ugandas over-arching national planning document is the Poverty Eradic ation Action Plan, signalling poverty eradication as the rudimentary goal of the Government.Chart 1 shows the relations between the PEAP and other plans. The PEAP is not a blueprint for sector activities. It provides a framework for the development of detailed sector plans and investment programmes. Implementation of the PEAP demands sector-wide programming to determine sector objectives, outputs and outcomes expected from sector expenditures, and the activities which the expenditures allow for fund in order to achieve the desired outputs and outcomes. Quick guide to planning processes Vision 2025 an overview of long term goals and aspirations by the year 2025 The PEAP the national planning framework on which to develop detailed sector strategies arena Planning adept specifications of sector priorities, disciplined by hard budget constraints dominion Planning implementation plans for sector strategies based on local priorities / needs MTEF annual, rolling 3 year expenditure planning, setting out the medium term expenditure priorities and hard budget constraints against which sector plans can be developed and refined rule MTEF setting out the medium term expenditure priorities and hard budget constraints Against which district plans can be developed and refined Annual cypher District Budgets annual implementation of the troika year planning framework Donor NGO private sector participating and sharing culture / ideas in develop sector plans and budgets Participatory processes bottom-up participation of districts in the planning and monitoring process, as well as participatory poverty assessments, providing essential feedback on progress towards poverty eradication goals Thus the 1997 PEAP has guided the preparation of detailed sector plans. Capacity constraints within line ministries, which have been a serious limitation in sector planning, are being overcome by support from our donor and NGO communities in a spirit of partnership and teamwork. In recent years, major advances have been recorded in production of the Ten Year Road Sector Development Programme, the Education Strategic Investment Plan and the Health Sector Plan, and the Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture. Also underway are plans for the energy sector and the justice sector.Eventually all sectors go away be covered by up-to-date, resource trammel sector plans and investment programmes which centralize on achieving the goals of the PEAP. In turn, the PEAP and the sector plans set the framework for preparation of district plans (although these are still at an early stage of development). Under Ugandas decentralised system of governance, the local authorities are responsible for determining the implementation plan for sector programmes based on local priorities. work of communities in the planning framework is also being strengthened.Under the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Project (UPPAP), the second phase pull up stakes include disseminati on of the perspectives of the poor in order to help guide policy at both national and district trains, and there go away be further work in nine pilot districts to enhance community-level participatory planning and monitoring capacities. It is important to note that the relationship between both the PEAP and sector plans, and between sector and district plans, and between district and lower local council plans, is an iterative one. The PEAP sets the framework for other plans, besides is also a product of those plans.For example, the current PEAP revision reflects the policy statements make in various sector plans, and tries to balance the sector objectives within a national framework. In turn, revisions of sector plans should take note of national priorities and constraints as outline in the PEAP in refining their own sector strategies. The National Planning Authority, according to its mandate in the Constitution, pull up stakes have the role of ensuring that the different plan s are coherent. The same principle applies to the relationship between sector and district plans.While medium term plans establish a policy framework and desired outputs and outcomes, they are insignificant unless disciplined by hard budget constraints. Therefore another critical element of the planning framework is the medium term expenditure framework (MTEF). Since 1992, MFPED has been ripening an MTEF, which is presented to Cabinet as part of the annual Budget Framework Paper (BFP), covering common chord fiscal years. Preparation of the annual BFP includes detailed word of honors with sector on the job(p) groups each year to monitor performance of current programmes and projects.These discussions identify implementation bottlenecks, inefficiencies in existing operations, and potentially unsustainable imbalances in the size of the recurrent and development programmes. The discussions also take account of any upcoming policy initiatives in order to ensure that all new polic ies are comprehensively costed to reveal the full consummation of their fiscal implications, and in order to propose how the Governments expenditure programme can be adjusted in light of new policy priorities, both within and between sectors.The important point is that, in the medium term, creation resources can be redeployed in accordance with changing strategic priorities it only requires development of the capacity and willingness to reprioritise spending needs and reallocate expenditures in a disciplined way. More recently, there have been attempts to broaden the consultation of the BFP process by change magnitude discussion with donors, peculiarly on the sectoral priorities of Government expenditure and on the lieency of Government assumptions regarding external financing with actual donor financing plans.Steps are also being taken to involve civil society in the consultation process. An abbreviated version of the BFP (the version that goes to Cabinet before the expenditur e allocations are approved by Cabinet) is published in the annual Background to the Budget, and a detailed summary of the composition of expenditure for all sectors for the three year MTEF is published as an appendix table in the Budget Speech document. In 1999, a start was made on extending the BFP process to the districts, when training workshops were organised for the local Governments.Technical expertise is being provided by the central ministries to help district judicatures to prepare their own three year expenditure planning frameworks consistent with resource availability. Government hopes that in due course this capacity can be extended to lower level local councils. The final element of the planning framework is an assessment of the clash of plans and budgets on civil society and beneficiaries, shown at the bottom of Chart 1 as civil society.There are a variety of monitoring techniques, such as technical assessments of project/programme performance, statistical surveys, and more participatory methods to complement the traditional nursing home survey methods such as the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Project, which is attempting to bring the voice of the poor into national, district, and lower level planning. The results of monitoring activities provide feedback at all levels of the planning system.The revision of the PEAPWhile the basic principles behind the 1997 PEAP tolerate valid, there have been significant developments since its preparation both in outcomessuch as the huge increase in educational historysand in the preparation of sectoral plans and the information available about poverty. Hence, to bear relevant, the plan has to be revised. It is envisaged that the revision of the PEAP will be a regular process carried out every two years, draft on the results of the Poverty Status Report which will also be prepared every two years.Preparation of the revised PEAP remains a super participatory process. Government recognises that the planning system does not consist of decision-making by a single institution at the centre. Rather, the system involves the interaction of a number of processes within an overall framework. As such, the process is much more dynamic and responsive to changes in policy priorities and/or resource constraints. The involvement of a much larger number of agencies in the planning process makes it important that planning linkages are clearly specified and understood.Substantial crusade is being made to improve the partnership process in Uganda. As mentioned above, participatory approaches have increasingly been adopted both for sector plan preparation and monitoring and appraisal exercises. In revising the PEAP we have summarised and consolidated the results of previous consultations and research findings. The revised PEAP builds on an ongoing process of consultation. An initial discussion draft was circulated to a wide range of stakeholders to stimulate chat and debate.Later drafts i ncorporate the results of this wide consultation. In order to ensure reasonable levels of participation in preparation of the revised PEAP, the editorial team prepared a Participatory Action Plan. This includes consultations at the central government level as well as with local governments, with donors, with Parliamentarians, and with civil society, as well as the development of comme il faut feedback mechanisms to ensure that all stakeholders have contributed effectively to the drafting process.General informatory workshops the revision process includes two major consultative meetings involving wide representation of stakeholders (politicians ministries donors NGOs private sector civil society urban and local authority representatives, media). The objective of these workshops is to review current drafts and to provide detailed comments on policy issues arising from the drafts. Regional meetings for district officials MFPED, working with the Ministry of Local Government, has alrea dy undertaken some regional work to explain the PEAP, UPPAP findings and budget issues.District officials will be presented with drafts of the revised PEAP at a series of regional workshops. As mentioned above, the CSO Task Force will also be promoting discussion of PEAP related issues within districts and communities. Donor consultations in addition to participation in the full general consultative workshops, the current draft has been presented at the Donor Consultative Group meetings in March 2000. Political consultation In addition to attendance at the general consultative workshops, another meeting for members of all Parliamentary sessional committees was held in February 2000.This will be followed by further briefing sessions for specific sessional committees on issues relevant to their sector. Feedback mechanisms It is very important to ensure that there is adequate time for written responses and contributions. Drafts have been widely circulated for the consultative workshop s in February and April. There will be active follow-up, oddly at the district level, to ensure that written responses are received from every district and sector ministry.Building on existing consultative processes Issues raised(a) during the revision process will not only be followed up at the general consultative meetings, but also raised through existing consultative fora (such as the sector working groups for the budget framework process NGO consultative meetings and regular donor meetings). Contents2. National vision and overall goalsPoverty has many proportionalitys including low and exceedingly variable levels of income and consumption, physical insecurity, poor health, low levels of education, disempowerment, a heavy burden of work or unemployment, and isolation (both social and geographical).Drawing on recent evidence (including household surveys and the Uganda Participatory Poverty Assessment Project), the PEAP laid-backlights the many dimensions of poverty in the Ug andan context. It recognises the importance of increasing income to poor households, and places a high priority on eradicating income poverty. It also views ignorance as a particularly constraining feature of the lives of poor people, and is concerned to improve literacy and educational achievement among the population at large.Health is another central concern for the poor, and the Government has established clear goals for ameliorate the health of Ugandans. It is essential that poor people have an effective voice in the design and implementation of public policy. The objective of the PEAP is to marshal public effort at improving these dimensions of household wellbeing. Reducing absolute income povertyIncome levels are low in Uganda, and large sections of its population are unable to buy the basic necessities of lifefood, clothing, and shelter. Low incomes also lead to poor health and limited education. Consumption poverty levels are high.In 1997, 44 part of the population was es timated to consume less than what is required to meet the basic needs of life. Low rates of economic growth, and the effects of civil disorder, are important historical factors ca exploitation poverty in Uganda. Incomes are also highly unequally distributed, which reduces the impact of economic growth on poverty reduction. At the level of the household, poverty is related to rural residence (specifically to living in the north or the east), to grease shortage, to low levels of education, to being headed by a female widow woman or by someone old, and to limited access to marketplaces.Unequal sharing of resources within the household reflects not only cultural factors but unequal access to education and physical assets such as land, in which women are disadvantaged. Poverty also reflects society-wide phenomena including insecurity, the quality of public services, the availability of productive employment, macroeconomic stability and the functioning of markets, health information, an d the technical information available throughout society. But there are clear signs of improvement * The proportion of Ugandans in consumption poverty fell from 56 percent in 1992 to 44 percent in 1997. Average real household consumption locomote by 17 percent over the period, and rose in every year (this is confirmed in the national accounts data). * The expenditures of the bottom 20 percent rose even more those of the bottom 10 percent rose by 29 percent, and those of the of the following 10 percent by 23 percent over the period. * A major factor in the reduction of poverty was the benefit farmers gained from the increase in coffee prices, reflecting the combined effect of the boom in world coffee prices and the liberalisation policy, which passed the price increase on to farmers. There was no systematic trend in inequality in the 1990s. But although inequality is not definitely getting worse in Uganda, it would be desirable to reduce it. These data are encouraging incomes are rising without a significant increase in inequality, and therefore poverty is precipitationing. However, not all groups participated equally in the growth in incomes. Although poverty fell in all regions, average incomes grew fast-paced in the regions which were initially better off. So although overall inequality did not increase, regional inequality increased significantly (Table 2. 1). Table 2. Household consumption gains by region Region Percentage of population in consumption poverty Percentage growth in real consumption 1992 1997 19921997 Central 45. 5 27. 7 21. 4 West 52. 8 42. 0 15. 9 East 59. 2 54. 3 11. 0 North 71. 3 58. 8 14. 4 The income group which benefited most dramatically was cash crop farmers, reflecting the increase in cash crop prices. Poverty in this group fell from 60 percent to 44 percent between 1992 and 1996 (Table 2. 2). Income poverty among food crop farmers remained by and large unchanged (falling marginally from 64 percent to 62 percent).Table 2. 2 Household consumption gains by economic sector Sector of household head percent of population (%) Percentage of population in consumption poverty 1992 1996 1992 1996 Food crop 47. 2 44. 2 63. 7 62. 2 Non-food cash crop 23. 4 26. 7 60. 1 43. 7 Manufacturing 3. 7 3. 3 44. 8 27. 4 Trade 6. 7 6. 9 25. 9 19. 4 Government services 6. 8 5. 5 35. 0 28. 0 Not working 4. 3 4. 9 60. 2 63. 4 Participatory data from the UPPAP indicate that many communities consider that poverty is increasing. This probably reflects two differences from the household survey.First, the participatory assessment was confined to poor, mainly food-producing communities, which gained the least from recent improvements. And the perceptions of poor people covered in the UPPAP were probably based on a broader view of poverty, encompassing more than simply low income. The Government of Uganda considers that absolute poverty must be eradicated. It has set itself the objective of simplification the headcount of inco me poverty to 10 percent of the population by 2017. Raising educational achievement of UgandansThe PEAP aims to raise educational achievement of the Ugandan population, especially among infantren of poor households.The significance of education is that it increases incomes and economic growth, and it offers an intrinsic benefit in itself. In 1997, the policy of free education for four children in every family was introduced and principal(a) enrolment increased enormously from 2. 6 gazillion in 1996 to 6. 5 million currently. Almost three million children entered the indoctrinateing system and the gross enrolment rate, using school-based data, rose to 128 percent in 1997 and 145 percent in 1999. Participatory evidence clearly shows that this increase is greatly appreciated by poor people.These data show that the main issue in primary education is no longer increasing quantity, but maintaining quantity while enhancing quality. It is generally agreed that the quality of education in Uganda lessend seriously between the mid-1970s and the late 1980s, and the increased enrolment is now straining the system. While the 1998 National Integrity Survey found that 60 percent of parents were satisfied with the quality of their childrens education, the UPPAP investigation found widespread concern with schooling quality among the poor communities contacted.This is borne out by more formal investigations of schooling quality. The heavily burdened primary schooling system cannot meet the immediate demands for classrooms, teachers, and teaching/learning materials. Educational policy thus faces two central challenges first, how to constrain the increased number of children in school and secondly, how to ensure that quality is maintained and improved given the expansion in the system. Enrolment rates in supplemental and tertiary education remain low, although they have increased in recent years.Total secondary enrolment rose from 336,022 in 1997 to 427,592 in 1999. The dr aft strategic plan for secondary education estimates that only 10 percent of the secondary school age population is in school and that only 6 percent of the poorest 25 percent complete secondary education whereas 22 percent of the best-off 25 percent do so. Whereas Uganda is now well ahead of most countries in Africa in primary education, it is behind the others in secondary education.Although current policy will be focussed on achieving sustainable universal proposition primary education, the requirements of a growing modern economy will place increasing emphasis on secondary schooling, and such schooling is certain to figure prominently in rising PEAP revisions. The Government of Uganda has achieved its objective of universal primary education. The challenge it now faces is to encourage children to remain in school, and to acquire relevant skills for adult life.This implies the following objectives * Maintain universal primary school enrollment (including poor households) * Redu ce drop out rates and raise completion rates * Raise the cognitive skills of primary school graduates (as reflected in results from the National Assessment of Progress in Education). Improving the health of the peopleLife expectancy in Uganda has been estimated at just 42 years in 1997 (World Development Indicators). This is exceptionally low, mainly because of the AIDS epidemic. infant deathrate is high, though it fell significantly from 180 per thousand in 1989 to 147 in 1994.In addition to increasing mortality, illnesses such as AIDS and malaria incapacitate large numbers of people. Trends in AIDS incidence are presented in the Poverty Status Report there is a marked fall in incidence in urban areas, where the range of prevalence rates in ante-natal clinic attenders in six urban centers fell from 1228 percent in 1991 to 715 percent in 1997. In rural areas there is no clear trend. Illness is a dimension of poverty which affects all income groups in Uganda, although it affects the poor particularly badly.Health outcomes depend on at least six factors incomes, education, information, health services, water supply and sanitation. Studies of household data in Uganda have shown that both education and specific information about the causes of illness significantly reduce child mortality. For instance, one ingest (using 1992 data) found that if a mother has good information about malaria and diarrhea, this reduces the under-five mortality of her children by 0. 045, compared with the overall mortality rate of 0. 18. The same study found that child mortality was much more strongly related to education than to incomes.Mothers in the top expenditure quartile had lost near the same proportion of their children as mothers in the bottom expenditure quartile, but child mortality dropped at every level of maternal education and mothers with further education had only a quarter as high a rate of child mortality as mothers with no education. More recent data suggests that the link between incomes and mortality has grown stronger (Table 2. 3). Between 1988 and 1995, while under-three mortality fell by 6 percentage points for the poorest 20 percent, it declined by almost 60 points for the richest quintile. Table 2. Under-three mortality by wealth quintile 1988 1995 Poorest quintile 188. 5 182. 5 Second quintile 163. 9 154. 5 Third quintile 184. 9 168. 1 Fourth quintile 180. 6 134. 3 Richest quintile 157. 6 99. 7 Source Sahn et al (1999) Adult mortality may be more powerfully affected than child mortality by income and access to curative services. The most commonly named consequence of poverty in the UPPAP study was ill health, and the third most commonly named was death. It may also be more powerfully affected by the presence of health services, especially for maternal mortality.In the case of AIDS, cultural factors interact with poverty. In some parts of the country, single women cannot get access to land finding a partner then becomes a matter o f survival and people in these circumstances take risks which they would otherwise avoid. A World Bank study has developed projections of under-five mortality in Uganda. Using international data, it has been shown that child mortality responds to the effects of technical progress in preventive and curative care over time, and to female education and income growth within the economy. Using relationships estimated using international data, the ollowing projections are derived Table 2. 4 Projections of Child Mortality in Uganda, 2017 Child mortality in 1995 160. 2 Child mortality in 2015 assuming time trend alone assuming increased female education assuming female education and 3% per capita income growth assuming female education and 5% per capita income growth 118. 9 117. 6 110. 2 85. 2 These projections show that child mortality could be halved by the end of the period. However, there are three caveats * the impact of female education may be underestimated, especially given UPE. AIDS will tend to increase child mortality more than these data suggest. * Most importantly, the best international performersmany of whom have been socialist countries such as China and Cubahave achieved much faster improvements in health outcomes. It is important to recognize that energetic public action can produce very fast improvements in health even at low income levels, as the examples of China, Cuba and Sri Lanka show Ugandas primary education enrolment, though not its health status, is now much better than most countries at its income level.The lessons suggested by these countries include the enormous importance of getting simple health messages out to the population, and the importance of community-level vigilance using very cheap personnel sometimes known as barefoot doctors. The very strong emphasis on preventive health messages in the minimum package is an attempt to reorientate the health system to increase its effects on health outcomes. Improving the health of the Ugandan population is a priority objective of the Government of Uganda.The Health Sector Strategy sets targets of reducing child mortality from 147 to 103 per thousand, maternal mortality from 506 to 354 per 100,000, to reduce HIV prevalence by 35%, reducing the total fertility rate to 5. 4, and reducing aerobatics to 28% by 2004/5. Giving voice to poor communitiesPoor people suffer directly from being disempowered. Powerlessness, described as inability to affect things around one, was reflected in the findings of UPPAP. The National Integrity Survey also found that 40 percent of the users of public services had to pay bribes.Such experiences are not only materially impoverishing they are also demoralising. More broadly, people experience frustration when they cannot perceive their influence over public policy. UPPAP reported, for instance, that poor people saw no effective mechanisms to hold service deliverers accountable. The Government of Uganda aims to implement further ad ministrative and political remediates which will increase poor peoples control over their own lives and the policies and services which affect them. Contents3.The Poverty Eradication StrategyThe overall poverty eradication strategy is based on the following principles * The public sectors role is to intervene in areas where markets function poorly or would produce very inequitable outcomes. * Where the public sector intervenes, it should use the most cost-effective methods, including the use of NGOs for service speech communication where appropriate. * Poverty-eradication is a partnership and should involve the impending possible integration of the efforts of government with its development partners. All government policies should reflect the importance of distributional considerations, of gender, of childrens rights, and of environmental impacts. * Each area of public action will be guided by the formulation of desired outcomes and the designs of inputs and outputs to promote th em. Strategic public action for poverty eradication is established on four pillars * creating a framework for economic growth and transformation * good governance and security * actions which directly increase the ability of the poor to raise their incomes * actions which directly improve the quality of life of the poor.It is important to note that these four elements interact. For instance, although primary education is discussed under quality of life, it also has implications for all the other three goals. The distinction between the goals helps to focus attention on the actions which most directly affect poverty, but the interactions between the objectives need to be borne in mind. Creating a framework for economic growth and transformation. Economic growth and employment-generation are required conditions for poverty-eradication.The PEAP must be based on an understanding of the growth potential of the Ugandan economy, and of the public interventions needed to achieve it. .Work at Ugandas Economic Policy Research Centre has communicate the growth of incomes and investment over the next twenty years. The EPRCs model has three main components an investment function, a balance-of-payments constraint, and a production function. Economic growth in the model is driven by three main factors the accumulation of human and physical capital, and the shift of stab from agriculture to manufacturing, in which it is assumed to be more productive.Estimates of the coefficients are derived from a sixteen-country panel data set. The projections for Uganda include a low-case, based on existing trends, large(p) 5. 56. 5 percent annual growth in GDP over the period (giving a GDP per capita of $550 in constant prices in 2020). They also provide a high-case, based on an increase in the productivity of aid and the diversification of the productive structure. This yields 78 percent per annum growth, giving a GDP per capita of $700 in 2020. This model therefore gives potential an nual per capita GDP growth of between 2. percent and 4 percent. A very recent study at the World Bank takes a larger cross section to explain why growth rates vary across countries, and focuses more on institutional determinants. It identifies a number of factors which constrain growth, and assesses by how much economic growth could be raised if Uganda could close the gap in these factors compared with average set for developing countries (controlling for income levels). Some factors (such as trade openness and macroeconomic stability) are already better than average, and cannot yield higher future growth.Uganda must maintain the good performance of these indicators. But othersclosing the gap in educational attainment, deepening financial institutions, and improving property and contract rightscan yield significant gains. The study estimates such gains could produce an additional GDP annual growth per capita of 1. 7 percentage points. Mean per capita growth of 3. 2 percent per annu m (which is what was achieved in the 1990s) could be raised to around 4. 9 percent (assuming no deterioration in the external terms of trade).This translates into a GDP growth rate of 7. 8 percent per annum. These studies show that GDP growth of the order of 7 percent per annum is executable over the longer term in Uganda. But such economic growth will not be automatic. It will call for public action today to build the institutions needed for higher growth. Economic growth in Uganda requires a framework within which the private sector can expand. The first essential element is macroeconomic stability. Without this, economic growth will not be sustainable.The revised PEAP therefore includes a commitment to maintain macroeconomic discipline which has underpinned the fast economic growth of recent years. The second key element is setting appropriate macroeconomic incentives. This involves economic openness, which encourages exports and labor-intensive investments. The future for Ugand an industry is not reliance on a wall of high tariff aegiswhich encourages capital-intensive investment which does minor for employmentbut open competition in a market which is being expanded by rising incomes from plain modernisation.Thirdly, the framework for economic development also includes the equitable and efficient collection and use of public resources. On the revenue side, independent research has shown that recent tax reforms, including the introduction of VAT have made the incidence of taxes more progressive. Local taxation, however, may need review in order to make it more progressive. The use of the nest egg made available by external debt relief for poverty-reducing purposes and the development of a sound strategy for external borrowing are essential.On the expenditure side, the Poverty Action Fund has been employ to reallocate expenditures to directly poverty-reducing services primary education, primary health, agricultural extension, feeder roads. Equalisation grants are gradually being introduced these are intentional to make the delivery of services more equals across the country. The aim is that a poor woman in a remote rural area should be able to demand the same standard of service from the public sector as a man in the most affluent urban setting. The budgetary reform under the MTEF is central to implementing the PEAP.Finally, in order to promote economic transformation, the constraints on private sector competitiveness need to be removed. Surveys of business people in Uganda have shown that they face severe constraints on their operations. Infrastructure is a major constraint firms experience of power cuts significantly reduces their investment, and the development of internal markets is impeded by the limitations of the road network. Hence the sector-wide transport strategy and the ongoing process of utility reform are key.Another constraint is the difficulty that business people experience in enforcing contracts this will be ad dressed by the programme of commercial justice reform which the government is beginning. The weakness of the financial sector is also a serious constraint. correct of these sectors is essential for the development of the private sector. This is a poverty issue, because the expansion of formal employment is a central part of the strategy. A crucial component of the PEAP is accelerating economic growth. The actions outlined above can be expected to raise GDP growth performance to a potential as high as almost 5 percent per capita per year.Good governance and securityGood governance is increasingly recognised as a prerequisite to economic growth and development. In Uganda, consultations with the poor have shown that insecurity is among their most pressing concerns. Work by the Human Rights Commission, the Law and Order Sector Working Group and the Governance Action Plan project has identified the main priority areas in this sector. Conflict cloture and effective support to conflict-a fflicted areas are essential. Armed conflict has been a decisive factor in the impoverishment of the North and the East.In 1999 the internally displaced population of Uganda is estimated at 622,000, and in addition insecurity affects many people who are not actually displaced. So the successful resolution of conflicts is a necessary part of poverty-eradication. The democratisation of Uganda has been pursued in a context of decentralisation. The process involves the transfer of responsibilities to district level. Participatory work has shown that the most highly appreciated level is the Local Council 1 or Village Council (LC1), the level which is closest to the people.The implications of decentralisation for ministries of central government have been reflected in the government restructuring, but the extent to which they are now ready to fulfil their new role needs to be assessed. Good governance involves making public expenditure luculent and efficient. Many reforms have been under taken to make it harder to misuse public funds with impunity, including the establishment of the Ministry of Ethics and Integrity and the design of a new regulatory structure for procurement. inspection and repair delivery on the ground urgently needs improvement, as various surveys have shown.This is to be addressed by the introduction of results-orientated management, by pay reform designed to increase and simplify public sector remuneration, and by strengthening bottom-up accountability communities must be able to hold service deliverers accountable through the Village Councils. Law and order is being addressed by the introduction of a sector-wide approach in which reforms proposed for the criminal justice sector will be costed. The poor reputation of the police needs to be addressed by an improvement in service delivery.The relatively good reputations of LDUs and LC courts can be built upon. Public information is central to good governance and innovative methods of disseminatin g information should be explored by inter-sectoral cooperation. The special needs of the disabled require a community-based approach which deserves priority. Disaster management, which includes the handling of drought, floods, earthquakes and conflict, requires both preparedness and response the recently established Ministry within the Prime Ministers Office has prepared a national strategy.Actions which directly increase the ability of the poor to raise their incomesRecent empirical work (mentioned above) has established that GDP growth rates of over 7 percent per annum are feasible for Uganda, providing the needed public actions are taken. What does such growth mean for household income and poverty? The Government has prepared projections for GDP growth and other key macroeconomic variables. The model forecasts real GDP and real per capita private consumption up to fiscal year 2019/20, on the basis of a national accounts format.In these scenarios private incomes grow less fast tha n Government income. As a result, private consumption growth is slower than GDP growth. In real terms, consumption per capita grows by 3. 2 percent per annum for the high projection and 2. 5 percent per annum for the low one. How much poverty reduction are such consumption growth rates apparent to yield? Taking the structure and distribution of income (measured by household consumption) as given in the 1997 Poverty Monitoring Survey, an assessment can be made of the effect of such growth on income poverty.If we assume that every Ugandan household experiences per capita income growth of 3. 3 percent per annum, the income poverty headcount would fall to 10 percent by 2017. The MOFEP higher growth scenario (a growth of household consumption of 6. 2 percent per annum, or 3. 3 percent in per capita terms) is therefore consistent with the poverty goal of the PEAP, so long as such growth is distributionally neutral (all households benefit proportionately). Not all sectors, however, will e xperience such high growth. Taking past experience as a guide, a growth rate of 6. percent in aggregate consumption might involve agricultural incomes growing at only 4. 7 percent per annum (with services and manufacturing growth being respectively 7. 9 percent and 12. 4 percent). If households are locked in their sectors of employment (as reported in the 1997 household survey), those employed in agriculture would experience slower income growth. We estimate that in this limiting case, headcount poverty would only fall to 22 percent, even if aggregate household income growth were 6. 2 percent per annum. Low agricultural growth constrains the poverty reducing impact of economic growth.These qualified projections of potential poverty reduction under the Gvovernments assumptions for economic growth highlight the need for more targeted interventions, the effect of which would be to accelerate the incomes of the poor directly. Two main lessons emerge first, poverty reduction calls for h igher agricultural growth rates and non-farm employment must be increased in the rural areas where most poor people live. Most Ugandans are self-employed, mainly in agriculture. This gives the Plan for the Modernisation of Agriculture a central role in poverty-eradication.Despite the constraints of limited technology and market access, the potential of raising agricultural incomes is considerable. The PMA identifies six core areas for public action in agriculture research and technology, advisory services, education for agriculture, access to rural finance, access to markets, and sustainable natural resource utilisation and management. Employment outside agriculture can be promoted by microfinance, advisory services, and vocational training. Feeder roads remain a central priority as in the 1997 PEAP, since when nourishment expenditure has tripled.Labour-intensive methods have been found to be financially cheaper than other methods of road-building and will contribute to employment generation. Research on land shows considerable inequality, often resulting from administrative and political factors more than the operation of the market. The Land Act is designed to strengthen the land rights of the poor. Womens land rights need to be strengthened further public sensitisation for the purpose of the Land Act is needed a cost-effective structure for land administration is needed and the Land Fund needs to be operationalised, targeting the landless poor.The restocking programme for rural livestock has the potential to reduce poverty by restoring economically blue-chip assets, provided mechanisms are identified to target the poor. The Government is establishing a new regulatory and supervisory structure for microfinance in order to increase poor peoples access to financial services. The Government has withdrawn from the provision of capital for credit but will still provide support for capacity-building. Publicly supported research is coordinated by NARO. Research i s to be decentralised, and stakeholders are to be involved.The appropriate mix between national and international research needs consideration. The potential benefits of publicly provided advisory services vastly outweigh their costs. Strategy is now being reviewed. The advisory service must address issues relevant to poor farmers, using ideas developed by NGOs for low-input technologies which the poor can afford. The services need to address productivity-enhancing techniques for farmers at different levels of resources, drought-resistant crops where needed, nutritional issues, marketing, storage and processing, and soil-conservation.Livestock, fisheries and agroforestry will also be covered by the advisory services. The management of markets is a private sector role under the PMA. The public sector has a role in ensuring that market access is affordable for vendors, in improving access to market information throughout the country, and in formulating policy on genetic modification a nd on organic farming. Sustainable resource use will be promoted by raising awareness, including the encouragement of communal initiatives to protect common property resources.Forestry needs to be promoted by a mixture of public protection and investment in private forests. Valley dam schemes will be reviewed this is an important priority for addressing the poverty of the Karimojong and the insecurity associated with cattle-rustling. Energy for the poor will be promoted by encouraging the use of more efficient cooking technologies and by smart subsidies for rural electrification, which will encourage entrepreneurs to invest in power foundation in rural growth centres.This will make it easier for the rural poor to have their output processed, increasing their effective access to the market it will also enable more households to gain access to electricity in their homes. Actions which directly improve the quality of life of the poorHuman development outcomes in Uganda have been trans formed by the introduction of free primary education for four children in each family, which has lead to a massive increase in enrolment. Primary education is a central element of the PEAP. Now that quantity has increased so much, quality is critical.Challenges include the implementation of low-cost classroom construction and the management of the gap between teachers and classrooms including the use of double shifts where appropriate, measures for bottom-up accountability, and the possibility of using school gardens to educate children about agriculture while also providing some food. In secondary education, a strategy is in draft. Targeting gifted children from poor backgrounds is a poverty issue. Health care is being coordinated by the new health strategic plan. At the heart of this is the minimum health package.Service delivery is being improved by a number of mechanisms including better remuneration and training, better infrastructure, and better accountability to consumers thr ough village health committees. The pro-poor implementation of cost-recovery will require the successful identification of targeting mechanisms, perhaps geographically based. AIDS and population growth raise cross-cutting issues. Water and sanitation are being supported by major public interventions, with communities paying a small proportion of the investment costs and being responsible for the maintenance of the facilities.Community sensitisation on water-borne disease and on the need for maintenance is therefore critical. Adult literacy is likely to be made an element of PAF from this year its benefits are potentially very considerable, as literacy has been directly found to increase agricultural productivity and evidence suggests it will also influence health outcomes. Housing is a private sector responsibility, but the state can encourage the availability of low-cost housing. Contents4.Macroeconomic stability, medium- and long-term expenditure implications of the PEAPMacroecono mic stability and the macroeconomic frameworkIn the medium term (three years), Governments strategy for fighting poverty is reflected in the Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and the expenditure priorities which are incorporated into the MTEF. The MTEF is itself fully integrated into a macroeconomic framework which is designed to ensure low inflation of no more than 5% and to support rapid broad based real GDP growth of 7% per annum. In the first year of the MTEF, 2000/01, inflation may be higher and growth lower than the medium term targets because of the lagged impact of the external terms of trade puff which Uganda suffered in 1999/2000). The transfer rate will continue to be market determined, with the Bank of Uganda intervening only to dampen excessive volatility in the exchange rate and to maintain net international reserves at a level which is consistent with the targets in the PRGF programme (these targets will be based on the objective of maintaining gross foreign reserves at a minimum of ive months of imports of goods and non factor services). Macroeconomic policy will be accompanied by a deepening of structural reforms in key areas including the banking and financial system, public utilities and the transport infrastructure, which are aimed at removing key constraints to private sector growth, and reforms to improve the efficiency and quality of public services. The key linkages between the MTEF and the macroeconomic framework are via the domestic borrowing requirement and the projected net inflows of external financing.The MTEF is consistent with both the levels of donor support projected over the medium term, relatively conservative projections of domestic revenue mobilisation and domestic bank borrowing which is consistent with the monetary objectives discussed in the next paragraph. The increased expenditures on programmes and projects specifically targeted on poverty reduction (for example, expenditures under the Poverty Action Fund (P AF) are projected to increase from 2. 9% of GDP in 1998/99 to 4. 6% of GDP in 2000/01) are fully consistent with the Governments macroeconomic objectives.Increased expenditures on the PAF will be funded by increased donor support, including debt relief made available under the enhanced HIPC initiative, and by restraint in the growth of non priority expenditures. The overall fiscal deficit, excluding grants, is projected to rise from the programmed 8. 1% of GDP in 1999/2000 to 9. 7% of GDP in 2000/01, before declining to 8. 7% and 8. 2% of GDP in 2001/02 and 2002/03 respectively. Donor support, net of external amortisation, is projected at 10. 4%, 10. 1% and 9. % of GDP respectively in 2000/01, 2001/02 and 2002/03, and will therefore more than cover the projected fiscal deficits, allowing Government to garner savings with the domestic banking system and the non bank private sector. Annex Table 2. 1 refers. The medium term monetary objectives are to maintain a rate of growth of broad money (M2) of 15% per annum which is required to hold core inflation (which excludes food crop and fuel prices) to no more than 5% per annum. This rate of money supply growth is consistent with the projected increase in money demand given projected growth of nominal GDP (averaging 12. % per annum) and a decline in the velocity of circulation of circulation of an average of 2. 2% per annum. Private sector credit is projected to expand by 15% per annum in nominal terms. This will allow private sector credit to gradually increase as a share of GDP. The growth in the net foreign assets of the Bank of Uganda will be determined primarily by the objective of maintaining gross foreign reserves at a minimum of five months of imports. Consistent with these objectives, Government is projected to accumulate savings in the domestic banking system of Shs 14 billion (0. 14% of GDP) in 2000/01, Shs 89 billion (0. 1% of GDP) in 2001/02 and Shs 95 billion (0. 77% of GDP) in 2002/03. Annex Table 2. 4 refers. The trade deficit (denominated in dollars) is projected to widen in 2000/01 because of the impact of the external terms of trade shock, which will depress export earnings. However the increase in the trade deficit will be largely offset by the projected rise in official and private transfers. As a percentage of GDP, the current account deficit (including transfers and FDI) will rise from the outturn of 4. 1% in 1998/99 to a projected 4. 6% of GDP in 2000/01, before declining to 3. 8% and 3. % of GDP in the following two years. The capital account is projected to remain in surplus, which together with the debt relief provided under the HIPC and enhanced HIPC initiatives, will enable the Bank of Uganda to accumulate net international reserves of $58 million in 2000/01, $108 million in 2001/02, and $116 million in 2002/03. This is sufficient to maintain gross reserves at the target level of five months of imports of goods and non factor services. Annex Table 2. 3 refers. Annex Table 2. 1 summarises projected investment and savings. Public investment is projected at 7. 4% of GDP in 1999/2000 and 7. %, 7. 3% and 7. 0% in the next three years. Public savings are projected at 5. 1% of GDP in 1999/2000 and 5. 0%, 5. 0% and 4. 7% in the next three years. Private investment is projected at 10. 3% of GDP in 1999/2000, rising to 10. 5%, 12. 8% and 12. 9% in the next three years. Finally, private savings are projected to fall to 8. 1% of GDP in 1999/2000, recovering to 8. 7%, 11. 2% and 11. 5% in the next three years. The Medium-Term Expenditure FrameworkThose aspects of the PEAP which have implications for public expenditure will be implemented through the medium-term expenditure framework.This framework is presented to Cabinet as part of the annual Budget Framework Paper (BFP), covering three fiscal years. The objective of the MTEF is the design of all public expenditure by a clear analysis of the link between inputs, outputs and outcomes, in a framework which e nsures consistency of sectoral expenditure levels with the overall resource constraint in order to ensure macroeconomic stability and to exploit the efficiency of public expenditure in attaining predetermined utcomes. Ultimately, these medium-term objectives need to be consistent with the longer-term objectives defined by the PEAP so the PEAP will be used to guide reallocations of expenditure. The sectoral implications of the PEAP objectives are reflected in the design of sectoral strategies which in turn guide the expenditure allocations made each year under the MTEF. The MTEF is intended to guide all public expenditure including the use of resources committed by donors.For this reason, the Government is introducing a sector-wide approach wherever feasible, under which government and donors contribute to a common pool of resources used to achieve the sectoral objectives. The flexibility which this arrangement allows is essential to the efficient use of public expenditure,. because only in a sector-wide approach can the overall implications of a national programme within each sector be considered, and because a sector-wide approach can reduce duplications of effort by different projects and divergences of cost structure between projects and other public activities.Using the PAF to prioritise public expenditureThe PEAP of 1997 drew particular attention to the need for increased expenditure on the delivery of those services which directly benefit the poor. It was recognised that in Uganda, as in most other countries, there could be a tendency to neglect the interests of the poor unless a conscious effort was made this is one implication of the observation that powerlessness is one aspect of poverty. Since 1997, the institution of the Poverty Action Fund has been used to achieve the planned reallocations.The PAF has three essential elements for this objective. First, no expenditure is included in PAF unless its direct poverty benefits are clearly demonstrated. S econdly, the use of funds in the PAF is subject to particularly stiff monitoring procedures in which civil society actively participates. Thirdly, the use of funds for PAF activities is clearly additional to the levels achieved in the 1997/8 budget. Most of the areas included in the PAF consist of service delivery which directly benefits poor people, rather than administration.In order to achieve the increase in spending on service delivery and on infrastructure, it is necessary to keep administration lean. Government will continue to endeavour to make its administrative elements as lean as possible and to avoid the proliferation of administrative structures which can impose serious fiscal costs. Poverty priorities and the PAF The PAF (summarised in Table 4. 1) includes the most high-priority public expenditures from the poverty-eradication perspective.Inclusion of a particular sector or programme in the PAF is warrant by the high economic and/or social returns to the form of expe nditure, by the fact that a substantial proportion of the benefits of expenditure in that area are received by the poor, and by the priority which participatory work has shown the poor themselves attach to that area. Areas already included in the PAF include rural roads, agricultural extension, primary health, primary education, water supply, and equalisation grants whose purpose (defined in the Constitution) is to make the quality of service del

Information Lifecycle Management Essay

Industries and organizations thrive on Information. The effective use of information so that it is aligned to meet the trade demands is in that respectfore a very crucial essential. The millions of bytes of entropy, requires not only effective stock but processes which handle the data right from creation and inclination afterward it is no longer needed. Maintenance of data in a cost effective manner is therefore a very significant activity in any organization. The answer to all the above is Information Lifecycle Management (ILM).What is ILM? Technology in combination with processes and policies to effectively spot data to suit the requirements of the organization is what is the bag of Information Lifecycle Management. ILM manages the lifespan of data required by organizations. Storage medium, protective cover, access rights and the way data will be accessed are all part of ILM activities. ILM with its dynamic process of reassessment of data, discards data which is no longe r used.A tiered architecture is much used for ILM where in data which is redundant is often moved to storage media which is more cost effective. ILM is involved in the evolution of data, changes in the data over a period of cartridge holder, its importance and finally disposal of obsolete data. Most organization use business applications which are data centric. Since voluminous amount data is involved many times it so happens there is not track of the amount if information available and the way it is stored.Often time is wasted in gathering the information as it is not stored in a structured manner. It run acrosss that data is stored in a way that is compliant with the organization policies and can be retrieved with ease. ILM also facilitates classification of data depending upon its sensitiveness and requirements by the business users. This can be done in two ways. The first is to segregate the data depending on its business use and relevance. The second is to prevent security b reaches, access rights are decided keeping in mind the policies of organizations.Archiving of data is done depending on certain criteria so that it is much easier to access the next time a requirement comes up. Value of data determines the type of storage media to be used. If the data requires regular access and is the focal principal of applications then such data is better stored on media which pass ons faster access and has effective backup and recovery mechanism. Data which is not accessed on a regular basis can be stored in less expensive storage medium. ILM alleviates the use of tools to automate routine tasks thereby reducing time and errors.ILM also focuses on reliability and relevance of data. A good role model for the need of ILM would be email archiving. Communication heavily depends on email some of which are extremely important from business point of view. Old emails are stored in individual machines or network servers. A need may arise to access information from th e previous email which may not be found or be available at the time it is required. apart from this email needs to be organized in basis of its date of creation and importance of data.IT Managers in organizations are primarily concerned about cost effectiveness of the voluminous data and also security issues. Apart from this IT managers need to classify data according to organization policies and also optimize disk storage. Massive budget is allocated by organization for purchase of storage media insensible of the fact that nearly half of the existing remains un-utilized. Operation managers are always seeking high end results and want faster , reliable data access at the right time.ILM incorporates most of the features wanted by them and makes it easier to achieve an effective data storage precaution. It not only stresses on effective storage of information but also ensures that it is reliable and retrieval time is minimized for data that is critical and used frequently. ILM pro vided by Oracle is a good example of data management tool. The Oracle 11g is compatible with ILM. It uses basic steps such as definition of the data classes, tiered storage architecture, migrating policies along with compliance details.It has interactional GUI tool known as the ILM assistant. The ILM assistant informs the user when the data has become obsolete and whether the data needs to be archived or deleted. IT also provides a preview about the cost involved in executing the above said activities along with storage requirement specifications. The security measures in the ILM assistant ensure that only authenticated users are given access to the data stores. It is a definitely a cost effective tool that can be sued to manage the lifecycle of data.ILM assistant is short allows huge amount of data to be stored and available easily while keeping the cost of storage low. Conclusion Information Lifecycle management is an important aspect of data-centric organization. Depending on th e requirement of the business should appropriately select the various solutions available. Large companies such as Oracle and IBM have come with ILM tools that provide them with effective data management and risk management. ILM prevents underutilization of disk space . Disorganized data can lead to huge losses and there an effective strategical approach is required.

Joyriders – Creative Writing

I had fair died by getting trapped and then squeezed to death as the walls closed in on me playing Tomb depredator Three. In addition, I had successfully reached the final stage, when I died and then remembered that I had forgotten to save the prevail stage after being on the electronic computer for hours upon end. At this point, I was agitated and really annoyed when I comprehend, Ah, shut it you over drunk sod my parents were at each others throats again. If I were to shoot a death wish it would be to kill you in such a way that your entrails would ooze out behind replied my disturbingly vexed father. aft(prenominal) hearing months of non-stop controversy, I knew that there was only ace thing left to say. Moreover, I was meditating to the highest degree I want a divorce, I want a divorce immediately milliampere bawled down the steps. Well I knew that I shared a special bond with my mum, but reading my thoughts, she is positively fitting a mind reader, I thought tryi ng to avoid the topic. It could digest just have been intuition. There was a silence in the long intend down corridor leading up to the stairs, where I sat fed up and angry with my parents. Looking at the bare gloomy walls which stared at me, as if it was my fault that they ere separating, I thought of all the memories they bore. My childhood, which I shared with my parents, both my parents. A tear came to my eye, which I quickly wiped off my freshly tanned, mocha coloured cheeks. When it comes to emotional stuff, I am quite shy and keep things bottled up, whereas usually I am very open and loud, well so my friends have told me.I have had enough I thought to myself. With this thought in mind I gave my best friend, Mia, a call, and non very surprisingly she was just as bored as I was. I did not tell her about what had just happened, but I got the feeling that she knew I as not the perky self I ordinarily am, even if I am bored out of my brain Why dont I bring, Kaz, Neil, AJ and myself round yours, in ten? Sure, but we can meet remote my house near the service department. I slyly said, so that they do not have any encounters with either of my parents. Yeah Id probably get lost around your yard, with it being so big n all Mia laughed spur. Right then, see ya in ten, bye Bye and she hung up. I still clung onto the receiver, hoping she was still there, this was because I was afraid to go upstairs, in case they start talking about custody battles.What am I thinking? they hate me and they are splitting up for spite. I entrust then probably end up an orphan, because neither of them will want me Shut up Neha . I realised I was going insane just like my diabolical parents. I kept pacing up and down the hall, waiting for Mia and the others to turn up. Which is when I realised, the neighbours have gone on holiday and have left the house keys and the gondola keys for the BMW Z3 to mum. A light bulb went on in my head. And the only word, which was lit up in my h ead, was revenge. Whats up Neha? shouted Mia from crossways the road, wearing as usual, her long black three-quarter-length trench coat. Nothin wanna go for a ride? You mean in that Neil pointed at the BMW, in excitement, which was parked in the garage, with the garage door raised.Why not, got nothin betta to do I answered surprised that he even had to question me. All get in before my parents suspect anything I yell at Mia and the others, who immediately dashed across the road, past the old and fragile granny who lives at number 49, who inherited her mansion after her millionaire husband died last year. Jinita Batavia Page 2 28/04/2007 Kaz, who was sitting in the passenger seat quickly started up the gondola car y turning the key in the ignition. That was when I got into the drivers seat, and realised how short the top of my body actually is I could not see beyond the fence, which was only five metres away from us We sped away as fast as the bima could take us. We drove down the Highstreet.However, as it was a bit of a squeeze with the small sporty Z3 cramming two in the motion and three in the back, with Neil being quite big, not offending him, we cut the jaunt short and decided to cruise down small empty alleys, on the outskirts of the town. We can make this place our territory, you k without delay like a gang, or even etta a society like the Free Masons who stay anonymous. Suggested AJ fidgeting around in the back seat. Thats a brill idea, but your forgetting roundthing cleva clogs how do you suggest we actually get here, without any wheels? said Kaz in a sarcastic tone. I was prompt trying to tune the radio, when I heard a cry, ah, it must be an owl or something I thought, with it being about ten oclock it was a unspoilt presumption.I finally found the house and garage station that I was searching for. Turn up the base, I mean we are cruzin in a bima, so might as well cruise in style Neha, innit Mia. AJ as well insisted that we wind down ou r windows so that we are not only seen but also heard. It had only been a few seconds after I thought I had heard a cry, when I heard squeals. Here that people? What babe? Oh, do shut up with that babe crap Neil Fine hear what? both AJ and Neil said momentarily. I hear it flat replied Kaz. I jolted the car to a halt and then I quickly opened my door to see what was going on, and to my horror, Kenny was lying in the middle of the road a couple of metres female genitals the car.He was waving his arms around in the air as if he could not breathe Kenny, Kenny, hes es um dead I I killed him I stuttered, in shock. By now I was shivering, then AJ put his arm around me, to comfort me, or so I thought at that time. He brought me back to the car, where everyone were all shaken up and really stiff, peering through the curved windows in shear horror. They convinced me that we should not wait around, because no one saw and now no one except them, will find out. I felt assured and got bac k behind the wheel, after Mia , who had been quiet throughout the journey slowly came out with, I knew it, I knew that this was going to happen, it was written in the stars.Even though she is my best friend, she does come out with bull sometimes, with all that superstitious gimcrackery that she believes in After successfully picking our-selves up and returning back to earth, after such an incident had occurred I thought that I should carry on with my original plan. This was to have a minor knock about with the BMW. So we crashed into a lamppost, head on and dented the brand new spoiler on the front of the car. Then finally after a night of laughter, horror and fulfilment I first dropped off AJ, Kaz, Mia and then Neil home, impressing their neighbours in the process, after returning to my never ending ightmare, my house. I parked the car back where it was and then crept in through the back door. I walked up the stairs slowly, so that the stairs would not creek. I then ended up asle ep within a minute of lying on my bed. In the morning, it was raining hard, pounding on the roof, above by bedroom. To this I woke up and turned on my radio.Craig David was on, with his recent debut single. I automatically rose from my bed sheets, grabbed my hairbrush, and started to sing and bop on to Jinita Batavia Page 3 28/04/2007 the beat. I was half way through waving my hands around, pretending I as Craig David at a lance when What is this, Adam you prick, what the fuck have you done to the car? My dad rushed down the stairs with a piece of toast in his mouth as he tied his robe together with his hands. What, what? dad cried, confused. I was sniggering from the corner of the stairs. The innocent face of my dad with mum hurling accusations at him as if they were tennis balls, was a sight to see After lunch, with mum having hers in the kitchen and dad, being the couch potato of the house, he was flopped out in front of the television set we heard a knock at the door.I thoug ht it would probably be Mia, so I scampered to the front door to let her in and testify her about the plan that had been successful. But to my dismay there was a woman standing at the front door who went by the name of Constable Stevenson. argon your parents in darlin? she said in a proud PC kind of voice. Wanna-be PC I thought to myself and gave out a snigger. It is not a laughing matter, now go call your parents Hold your horses woman shes so uh I thought. After hearing a stem, strong deep voice at the door mum came rushing to see what was going on. Can I help you constable? Can I help you constable? I mimicked. Luckily, no one heard except dad, who was also now at the door, and he gave me that big-eye look to stop it or else.May I have a look at your car? I have a search warrant hear. Sure said my mum not realising what she had just said then, Hold on, why do you want to see our car? Well, there has been a murder in the local area, and it was witnessed to have been a hi t and run and they said that there was a red car involved. Moreover, I believe that you have a red car sitting in your garage. Yes, well mum, at that point gave dad a guilty look, but dad just ooked confused and walked back down the hall with a mug of tea in his hand to watch some television again. mama thought to herself for a while and then realised that it would be unlawful to lie and with hold evidence, and also she would not have one of those messy divorces if her husband was behind bars, so she decided to spill. Then, mum went over to the car and bent down to show the PC the dent in the car. At this point, I was having a ball, the only thing that could make this better was a nice big tub of popcorn. This looks nasty, and yet quite fresh, when did this happen love? Mum was hesitant in truism Last night, I expect OK so who was driving the car at the time of this incident? the constables voice was now developing a tone to it. A nasty tone. Ill get the rhetorical team to take a closer look at this. In saying this she pulled out a mobile about the size of her ego and started to dial. Oh was all that mum could come out with, after this huge enquiry about the car that was not even theirs. She was probably thinking that it actually was dad who killed the boy, thats great I thought to myself, not realising the charges or sentences dad could be faced with.After the forensic team arrived, about twenty minutes later they were able to come up with a full report. Im sorry to say, that we found some navy fibres given over to the front bumper and some very distinctive blood stains, which are of a person with blood type O, just like Kenny. That was strange, because when we hit Kenny there was not a dent anywhere, what can you say, but the police aint as good as they make themselves out to be. Jinita Batavia Page 4 18/03/00 Im afraid youre below arrest. The PC said relieved that this case was over.And it must have been one of the quickest cases ever Well have to take you down to the station anything you do or say will be held against you later in court. Those lines were just like the ones you here on television programmes. Ah well, dad would not be confused about that then, unlike everything else, as he watches television twenty-four/seven. Now that that was over, I thought that I should celebrate. Wow I thought to myself, I never thought I could put someone, especially my own dad behind bars, maybe I should try it more often In addition, I also now have an extra room, as well as a mum, so I am safe from an orphanage for now

Blue Cross

When several Blue Cross Blue Shield programs in upstate unused York merged, each system brought its own business processes and IT systems to the new entity. Because they were so different, yet had to be consolidated, the new entity, Excellus Blue Cross Blue Shield, wanted to root implement a strong business analysis process to clearly identify company functions and processes. They wanted to be able to inventory and visualize their present-day(prenominal) state architecture in support of system modernization and SOA efforts.Problem Excellus Blue Cross Blue Shield is part of a $4 cardinal family of companies that finances and delivers health care services across upstate New York, including the major cities of Syracuse, Elmira, Rochester, Utica, and Buffalo. As New York States largest nonprofit health plan, the organization provides health insurance to more than 2 million people, and employs more than 6,000 New Yorkers. It is the result of a merger of several health organizations s erving upstate New York.Following the merger, Excellus found that there were few enterprise architecture (EA) standards embraced by either of the previously independent entities. The company formed a group indoors the IT department to focus on EA as it consolidated business and IT systems and reduced the amount of technical diversity within the organization. With multiple platforms and environments, it was extremely challenging to hit smoothly running, cohesive business procedures, without a clear understanding of what processes and systems were serving each organization.Many of these legacy systems, some in place for 30+ years, didnt have adequate documentation, so there were parts of the systems that were completely unknown. Before making sweeping policy or platform decisions, we recognized the importance of identifying all company functions and the processes used to implement them, explained Eric Stephens, enterprise architect, Enterprise Architecture and Integration Team at E xcellus. This was the first step in our effort to reduce transcript processes that were a normal result of the merger.We had to develop single systems for claims processing, provider contracting, member registration, and more, but could not do that until we fully understood and mapped the existing processes. Excellus recognized that a key success factor would be a service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach, offering the ability to devise flexible architectures that rely on smaller parts (services), earlier than larger monolithic solutions. Being able to implement the architecture in parts gives the company more choices (buy vs. uild) and allows for variation in particular components to adapt to a shifting market demand for products.It was clear that going forward with big systems implementations would drive both risks and financial resources to unacceptable levels. In addition, the organization established a goal of standardizing practices so that customers and others outside t he organization would feel like they were dealing with a single company, rather than multiple entities in a loose federation.

High Crime Rate Essay

Also, some movies watched by individuals can play a role in some crimes being committed. rough individuals think it is ok to perform these acts of crime. This information is an eye opener to me. I would book never known this information if it was not for doing this research piece. I brook come to the conclusion that I will never find the answers that I am looking for. T here(predicate) is no way that anyone in the wild could have an answer to why crime and violence is high in America. My opinion on why crime and violence is high is because pot dont seem to have a heart or respect others.This opinion has changed because the person committing crimes may get pleasure from it who knows. In my research the book trim Gun Violence (2012), I got a clear understanding of violent crime that relates to guns. This book talked about how gun crimes can be cut down, and what people in authority can do to make these changes. I feel that my research is inspiring because it demonstrates how crim e and violent have impacted many communities here in America. I put a lot of time and energy in finding information on my why question and formatting my paper correctly. In my research I have come to a new point. Is there a thing as good crime?

Automobile †Transport Essay

There are many different kind of emigration vehicles that changed pots lives including automobiles, bicycles, airplanes, and many more. I feel automobiles have affected the lives of Americans the most. They have made it possible for individuals to travel many miles a day. Before the automobile, people in cities had to tamp down streetcars to get anywhere farther than they could walk. People who lived out of town had to get to work on trains. There are many different kind of transportation vehicles that changed peoples lives including automobiles, bicycles, airplanes, and many more.I feel automobiles have affected the lives of Americans the most. They have made it possible for individuals to travel many miles a day. Before the automobile, people in cities had to take streetcars to get anywhere farther than they could walk. People who lived out of town had to get to work on trains. People who lived on farms or in small villages in the country would come into town maybe once a month in a horse-drawn wagon to do their shopping, alone a horse couldnt walk more than few miles.Automobiles provided greater mobility for people. They provided more choices to live. When choosing a job in the old days people tried and true to find homes that were closest to their work. Cars made it possible for people to move 20-30 miles or more from the city and drive in to work every day. Through my experiences get to school from bus is a lot slower than cars. I can wake up a lot later if my dad drives me to school. Cars helped transportation do easier and faster.A person could be transported anywhere either by himself or with his family without stopping to rest to feed their horses. Families could sit in comfort while hearing to music. However, cars have brought a negative effect on the world, like pollution from exhaust emissions. Cars also take up a lot of space including lay space and parking lots which replace many buildings. It is more dangerous to drive than to walk becau se of crashes. The ease of a drunken man driving a car is much more dangerous than a drunken man walking.Automobiles can be more dangerous but it provides a lot. Automobiles have had positivist and negative effect on the world and changed many peoples lives. Traveling great distances is not much of a problem for people. It also bought time for many people walking may take 30 minutes but by car it only takes five minutes. Without automobiles the world would be a whole different world. Roads wouldnt be paved and traveling would be a great deal harder.