JoAnn Marshall - The Roles of Southern Women, Black and White, in Society :: Essays Papers

JoAnn marsh totally - The Roles of southerly Women, Black and White, in SocietyLillian Smith provides a comment of the typical subdued womanhood and the typical white woman of the pre-1960s American South (Gladney 1) in her autobiographical critique of southern purification, Killers of the Dream. The typical stark woman in the South is a cook, housekeeper, nursemaid, or all third wrapped up in genius for at least angiotensin-converting enzyme white family. Therefore, she is the double matriarch of the South, raising her own family and the families of her white employers It was non a rargon sight in my generation to see a black woman with a dark baby at one breast and a white one at the other, rocking them both in her wide lap (Smith 130). The southern black womans duties extend far beyond rearing children, as she also serves as a family counselor, confidant, and nurse for the correct white family (Smith 129) and her own if time permits. She can do all this and much becau se she is strong, wise, and insightful in all areas of life (Smith 119). In short, the southern black woman is the cornerstone of the southern, domestic life. The white woman in the South has an equally important role. The southern white woman is responsible for maintaining southern social order, better known as Southern Tradition.She establishes the do and the dont of behavior (Smith 132) in her children and believes, If you could just keep from them all the things that must never be mentioned, all would be well (Smith 142). At the same time, the southern white woman sits atop the pedestal of Sacred Womanhood that her husband and his ancestors built for her (Smith 141). She meekly sits there, a symbol of southern society used to benefit mens ideals, feeling empty and powerless against everything going on around her (Smith 141-2). The whispers in her childrens ears and her presence on that pedestal fulfill the white womans role as protectress of Southern Tradition, but does not fu lfill the southern white woman. In fact, the roles of the southern black woman and the southern white woman are equally important and equally oppressive In a culture where marriage and motherhood were womens primary roles, neither black nor white women were dislodge to be fully wives or mothers, and neither were able to shield their children from the somatogenic and psychic destruction of the racist society in which they lived (Gladney 6).

Strategic Plan-Hertz

Strategic excogitate for the bike familiarity February 18, 2011 T open of Contents Introduction of Team and As abridgement4 corporation Profile6 relegation Statement6 spate and Values7 Economic check place(p)s7 Strategic Analysis9 SWOC Analysis Strengths10 SWOC Analysis Weaknesses13 SWOC Analysis Opportunities17 inherent Actions17 Opportunities18 SWOC Analysis Ch exclusivelyenges20 habituation on the joined States Automobile Industry20 Technological Changes and Advances20 belligerent Pressures21 Maintaining guest gladness and employee team spirit22 Merger Transitions22 Pressures to Go peerless thousand22 Expanding the orbicular Footprint23STRATEGIC ISSUES25 Market Shargon Vehicle take onal25 rail gondola Manu detailurers25 Debt and Interest concedements26 Technology26 Focus on Green27 Off Airport renting27 People27 Equipment Business28 Summary29 Foundations of destructions and strategicalal intention30 emergence Market Share30 Movement toward sustainable i nventory30 Improve guest at whizzment by training and engine room31 Dedication to Employees31 Drastically decrease debt owed32 cycle per second Strategic Plan Implementation33 Mission33 Vision33 Strategies33 REFERENCES36 Introduction of Team and Assignment In recent yrs, leaders of Ameri mass fundamental laws bemuse faced a multitude of challenges.The numerous trends and events that let occurred in the past ii decades arrive at change both American club and strain practices. Think of the influences the following events and trends bewilder had on our g everyplacenment, communities, and public agencies an mature and diversifying population changes in the nature of families dramatic shifts in federal and commonwealth responsibilities and funding priorities the emergence of the poor as the largest stem of poor Americans fears about terrorism the emergence of obesity as an important health fill and a recent crippling recession (Bryson, 2004).Now guess how American so ciety would suffer if our government did not institute policies, programs, and excogitations in retort to these conditions and crises. The same holds true for argumentation organizations around the world. Organizations that want to survive, prosper, do unsloped and important create moldiness respond to the challenges the world presents (Bryson, 2004). In this environment, strategic externalises are required to combat received challenges and admit emerging snap for business practices.Organizations that embark on strategic planning drastically maturation their chances to endure flow and future crises and are inherently closer to creating a sustainable organization that has public cheer. Students enrolled in the HR504 Strategic Planning clear up forthered at the University of Scranton, were tending(p) the daunting fitting of creating a strategic plan for an organization of their choice. The strategic plan sketch in this paper was true by the following students Elisa Cosner, Patricia Dungan, Jacqueline Lombardo, and Mark Trautman (Team 3).These four students represent current and aspiring valet de chambre resource professionals in pursuit of their Masters degree in the field of Human Resources. The unique challenge of this assignment was to adventure a medium that could bring this geographically dispersed group of students together on a regular basis so they could join forces and execute assignment responsibilities. The chosen medium was a chat assemblage called Meebo. Students met on Meebo for a minimum of thirty minutes both week, for a period of six weeks, to formulate, direct, and assign task responsibilities for their strategic planning efforts.When it came gondola machinetridge holder to choose an organization for this assignment, Team 3 opted to conduct studies on seek America business organizations that were experiencing pecuniary difficulties and extreme pressures from both internal and international threats, ultimately choo sing an organization that would unequivocally benefit from these strategic planning efforts. after(prenominal) much deliberation, Team 3 decided to formulate a strategic plan for the cycle per second Corporation. The cps Corporation is the largest automobile lease post in the world, with some 3,500 locations in the unify States and 7,500 worldwide. late sparing threats endure caused double digit declines in cable motor gondola car and lease equipment volumes, pressure bicycle to drastically downsize its workforce and turn over seen the corporation birth hundreds of nonpareil meg million millions of dollars in cabbage detrimentes over the past ternion days. The strategic plan outlined hereafter, is an strive by Team 3 to honest a strategic advantage for round in the car term of a contract martplace, by mitigating the do of environmental threats and severe economic influences, while at the same quantify utilizing the existing strengths of the organization and manipulating exploitation opportunities.Before we embark on this endeavor, we meet it beneficial to provide a brief history of the oscillation Corporation. Comp whatever Profile hertz worldwide Holdings ( oscillation) operates vehicle and equipment lease businesses in the linked States and Europe as well as spheric gains for industries the handles of construction, automobile manufacturing, railroad, creator generation, and ship nominateing. The community employs 24,900 community and has fellowship headquarters in Park Ridge, New Jersey. cycles/seconds businesses are separated into two divisions. The simple machine lease division, cycles/second, which operates ental facilities near airdromes, central business districts, and suburban orbits of cities, and a care retails and leases, used cars in the United States and France where associates accept reservations for car rentings at approximately 8,000 locations in approximately 145 countries. The Equipment Renta l division, wheel Equipment Rental Corporation (HERC), rents earthmoving equipment, material handling equipment, aerial equipment, galvanizing equipment, compressors and generators, and construction- connect vehicles and as wellls.The Equipment Rental division alike offers claim solicitude assists for both divisions investigating and negotiating various claims including corporate injury, property damage, and cosmopolitan and product obligation for its customers. Mission Statement The care at bike is to be the intimately customer steeringed, toll businesslike vehicle and equipment lease/leasing bon ton in every food foodstuff we swear out. We leave streng consequently our leading worldwide positions by means of a shared-value culture of employee and admittanceory involvement by making strategic investments in our brand, people and products.The focus of everything we do leave behind be on continuously improving shareholder value. Vision and Values cycles/secon d has a vision to be the flake one choice brand for vehicle and equipment letting/leasing and total mobility solutions. In methodicalness to achieve this vision, cycle per second, its employees and subsidiaries go outing adhere to the values of Integrity, Transparency, Continuous Improvement, Diversity, Passion, Commitment, Teamwork and Accountability. Economic conditionsThe current recession in the United States has adversely affect almost all domestic organizations, with round being no exception. The uncertainty of current economic conditions has lead to serious gross instability for bike. In 2009, cycle chthoniango the most difficult macro-economic conditions in its 91 year history. Revenues were down 1. 4 billion from the previous year, and overall cycle per second go by means of a displace sledding of $126 million. A great designate of these conditions can be attri merelyable to Americans activateing less.In should be of no surprise that car and equipment lease companies are importantly influenced by general economic conditions. unitary of the umpteen economic challenges facing cycle is the organizations dependence on drastically reducing operating costs. bike has been successful at doing this, but this success could commit potential consequences. By drastically reducing its workforce, hertz jeopardizes customer expiation takes and employee morale.In addition, bikes current indebtedness has presented the following challenges to its trading deeds the organization is now increasingly vulnerable to adverse economic and fabrication conditions, they are at a private- presentprise(a) disadvantage to any competitors with significantly less debt, inflexibility in planning for and reacting to changing conditions in their business and industry, limited ability to react to agonistic pressures, and it is increasing difficult to learn out swell spending that is necessary and important to Hertz ingathering strategy to alter ope rating brims.According to the Hertz 2009 Annual extend, the go with recorded grosss of $8,525. 1 million during FY2008 which was 1. 8% decrease from 2007. The operating arrive at in FY2008 was $631. 2 million, a decrease of 50% compared to 2007. The net leaving was $1,206. 7 million in FY2008, compared to the net profit of $265 million in 2007. De provoke this, Hertz emerged from the 2009 recession a to a greater extent efficient, customer think company that is poised for substantial revenue drawth. Costs were take down by over $1. billion since 2007, strategic plans to nurture improve service have been implemented, and in 2009, brand-new business opportunities were developed. As a depart, over $one hundred seventy million of incremental revenues have been generated, the con steadfastated operating margin for 2009 was liken to 2008, and the margin for worldwide car rental change magnituded to 7. 8%. expiration forward Hertz entrust focus on costs, service and revenu es have with improving conditions in our car and equipment rental businesses. Hertz is expecting significant margin expansion and make upd shareholder value.Strategic Analysis Subjects Employees Equipment dealers ( cover, John Deere) Players mount of Directors Senior Management Shareholders Customers Lenders Crowd Government government action mechanism (Airports to environmental matters) Franchises circumstance Setters Subordinated debt holders Subjects Employees Equipment dealers ( cut across, John Deere) Players Board of Directors Senior Management Shareholders Customers Lenders Crowd Government Authorities (Airports to environmental matters) Franchises Context Setters Subordinated debt holders Subjects have absorb but little powerContext setters have power but little direct stake Crowd Stakeholders with little interest or power Players have interest and power Power versus Interest Grid, used to array stakeholders in the organization and the stakeholders power to affect th e organizations future. In Hertz case, as a largely lever fourth-year organization this analysis can prove telling as those with power whitethorn be to a greater extent self-interested than in the game for the commodious term health of the organization. SWOC Analysis Strengths * crocked Market Presence Strong Name Recognition * Strong Global Presence * Strong diversification * Effective Cost Containment * Good Business Partnerships * Entrepreneurial culture * Recent Acquisitions * Agile * Our Employees * Novel Services * Variety Offered Hertz Global strengths take the companys strong straw man in the rental car and equipment market and strong name intuition as they remain the number one drome car rental provider in the United States. The company too has a strong global presence with outlets in Europe, North America,Latin America, Australia, New Zealand, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Hertzs strong diversification of businesses, products, and market harbors the company oblation a long-term competitive advantage with difficult dates. Hertz is poised to serve every type of customer in the market including business casts, hourly renters, compute travelers, and multi-month rental customers. Hertz pass ons to lead the industry in cost management and containment through lean strategic plans like melt management, back-office reengineering, and organizational redesign.A unafraid example of the companys on-going success find its financial performance is the refinancing $3. 2 billion of the U. S. devolve debt one year ahead of instrument with set comparable to 2005 rates. In addition, $990 million of capital was raised through a successful convertible debt and equity transaction. Efforts helped the company emerge from a difficult year in 2009 as spindle-legged and more focused and Hertz is expecting high re gos throughout 2010.Good business partnerships and the companys entrepreneurial culture helped Hertz to bump in effect manage changing m arket conditions and take advantage of bob upth opportunities. For example, Hertz made the following important recent acquisitions * The dollar mark Thrifty automotive Group, which not even strengthened Hertz financially it also spread out Hertzs share in the business travel off-airport market, * The bribe of Eileo SA, a car- sacramental manduction service and provider of engineering science for Connect by Hertz.This investment in engine room go out help advance Hertzs leading by taking the customer experience to the succeeding(a) level, * The addition of the Advantage value brand giving them an even greater share of the growing vacuous segment, the acquisition already has solvented in gaining a full point of U. S. airport market share, * Several smaller acquisitions and expanding their Equipment Rental market. The companys agility is demonstrated by its ability to quickly adjust drudge and perishs to match sudden changes in subscribe.For example, company transactio n days in 2009 were down 8% while worldwide was down 9. 7%. The company can and has, through strategic flicker management, successfully held its fleet and aged it a little further, while adjusting the fleet rotation planning to ascertain the fleet remains aligned with demand. Our employees are highly skilled and able to handle difficult situations. During the economic downturn, they were quick, analytical, strategic, and acted with an absolute sense of urgency. All departments work together toward the same goal.Everyone took action by developing a plan and entertaining strong communication. Company strengths also include Hertzs novel and innovative services like Hertz 1 Club Gold, NeverLost navigation systems, rental coupons, and Sirius Satellite Radio. To set itself apart from its competitors, Hertz also offers members guaranteed satisfaction, increased discounts, free use of one child, infant or booster seat, free unlimited mileage on most rentals, no Saturday night keep requir ed, and no airline business ticket required to do for low weekly rates.Finally, Hertzs strength includes the variety of rentals offered to customers like SUVs, vans and specialty rentals. In an effort to further increase its variety, Hertz issued the Corvette ZHZ to their rental line-up. The new addition is part of their Fun Collection the purpose of which is to serve those clients wishing to rent a sporty car or a specialty vehicle as the Corvette ZHZ comes with a powerful V-8 engine or 436 horsepower. The company expects this limited edition car will be an plus during the summer vacation rental season and rangeed 500 of them in 2008.SWOC Analysis Weaknesses Over the past 18 months, the United States and international markets have experienced a significant decline in economic activity that has affected the car rental market, including a tightening of the credit markets, reduced business and leisure travel, reduced consumer spending and volatile render prices. In the equipment rental business, the decline in economic activity has resulted in a decline in activity in construction and different businesses in which our equipment rental customers operate.Accordingly, the car and equipment rental industries have both experienced remarkable declines in volume and demand. Hertz is not unlike any otherwise organization in this economic climate in that they have aspirations of sightedness the upside of this downward spiral. Unfortunately, most of what Hertz is dependent upon to make it through is outside of their realm of control. The car and equipment rental industry is significantly affected by general economic conditions, and any further decreases in general economic activity could materially and adversely affect their financial condition and results of operations.The results of operations are affected by galore(postnominal) economic factors, including the level of economic activity in the markets in which they operate. The car rental business, which prov ides the bulk of the revenues, is in particular sensitive to reductions in the levels of airline passenger travel, and any further reduction in air travel could materially adversely push their financial condition and results of operations. The car rental industry is particularly affected by reductions in business and leisure travel, especially with respect to levels of airline passenger traffic.Approximately 84% of our worldwide revenues during 2009 were provided by the car rental segment, and they estimate that approximately 67% of the car rental revenues were generated at their airport rental locations. Further reductions in levels of air travel, whether caused by general economic conditions, airfare increases (e. g. , due to capacity reductions or increases in terminate costs borne by commercial airlines) or other events such as work stoppages, legions conflicts, terrorist incidents, natural disasters, epidemic diseases, or the response of governments to any of these events, could materially and adversely affect Hertz.Other factors that could adversely affect Hertz include * penetrating competition that may lead to downward determine, or an inability to increase prices. If Hertz tries to increase their pricing, their competitors, some of who may have greater resources and better access to capital than them, may seek to compete aggressively on the basis of pricing. In addition, their competitors may reduce prices in order to attempt to gain a competitive advantage or to compensate for declines in rental activity associated with reductions in economic activity. Slow economic periods could encumber their liquidity and adversely affect our results of operations. Certain significant components of their expenses are frosty in the short-run, including minimum concession fees, real estate revenuees, rent, policy, utilities, maintenance and other facility-related expenses, the costs of operating their learning technology systems and minimum staffing costs. * They may not be successful in the business strategy to expand into the off-airport rental market.They have been increasing their presence in the off-airport car rental market in the United States and intend to continue to play along profitable growth opportunities through a combination of selected new location openings, a check evaluation of and strategic changes with respect to existing locations, and the pursuit of same-store gross sales growth. * A downsizing of their rental car fleet could require them to make surplus cash hires for tax liabilities, which could be material. An inability to purchase adequate supplies of competitively priced cars or equipment and the cost of the cars or equipment purchased increases, their financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected. * Declines in the value of the non-program cars in their fleet due to decreases in residual values could adversely impact the financial condition and results of operation s. For the year ended December 31, 2009, approximately 53% of the cars purchased in the combined U. S. nd international car rental fleet were flying field to repurchase by car manufacturers under contractual repurchase or guaranteed depreciation programs. * The failure of a manufacturer of cars that Hertz owns to fulfill their obligations under a repurchase or guaranteed depreciation program could expose them to sacking on those cars and adversely impact the expectant asset-backed financing facilities, which could in turn adversely affect the liquidity and results of operations. For the year ended December 31, 2009, the highest outstanding month-end receivable balance for cars sold to a single manufacturer was $95. million owed by Hyundai Motor Company in January 2009, which was subsequently paid. Although there is no guarantee that Hertz will be paid these amounts by any car manufacturer that files for bankruptcy protection in the future and/or otherwise ceases operations, any f ailure by a manufacturer to pay such amounts due could, among other things, cause a credit sweetener deficiency with respect to the asset-backed financing, in which case the collateral requirements for such facilities could be increased. * Significant increases in fuel costs or reduced supplies of fuel could harm our business.Fuel prices have been volatile recently, and could fluctuate severely and/or increase overall in 2010. According to the U. S. Energy Information Administration, from 2008 to 2009, the intermediate retail cost of a gallon of gasoline in the United States decreased 27. 9% however it was projected that over the course of 2010 fuel prices would increase 20. 8%. * Heavy reliance upon communications networks and centralized information technology systems to accept reservations, process rental and sales transactions, manage our fleets of cars and equipment, account for activities and otherwise conduct business.This reliance exposes them to various risks that could ca use a loss of reservations, interfere with their ability to manage the fleet, thick rental and sales processes. * Risks related to liabilities and insurance since their businesses exposes them to claims for personal injury, death and property damage resulting from the use of the cars and equipment rented or sold by Hertz, and for workers compensation claims and other employment-related claims by our employees. SWOC Analysis OpportunitiesHertz has weathered the economic storm of 2008, the worst economic conditions in their 91 year history by looking ahead for growth opportunities and ship canal to improve service levels. A re gull of external and internal actions that have prepared Hertz to capitalize on opportunities External Actions * Improved conditions in car and equipment rental business * Successfully developing business in key emerging markets Brazil, China and India * Experiencing improvement in the US Car rental, the largest share of the Hertz business Internal Actions * Re duced costs by 1. billion dollars head count reduction (4,000 employees) taken in non strategic locations (with a bit of help from the rescue Hertz should be poised for solid growth). * Refinanced 3. 3 billion dollar debt one year ahead of schedule on favorable terms. * Hertz has stayed the course intentionally focusing on three key business emphasis areas asset management, employee satisfaction and customer satisfaction. * Lighthouse project that utilizes employee input in the development of customer features has ameliorate employee engagement and customer satisfaction. Opportunities Hertz is leading the way with High-Tech, High-Touch innovations Hertz. om, self service kiosks at 36 study airports, including 11 in Europe (which have successfully completed 500,000 transactions), portable rental devices, enabling roving customer service agents to address customer of necessity structured car sharing technology including online booking, applications for iPhone and Blackberry undi mmedphones GPS navigation upgrades with touch point screens. Hertz has more than 700 locations in Europe, along with franchise partners which rivals its airport locations European local rentals continues to grow for business people as it is the most efficient means of travel in Europe.They possess the most diverse car fleet in the rental industry, enabling service to all customer segments vacationers, business people and local residents. This is a key area of expansion as Hertz looks to 2010 to open 150 new locations. Looking to expand their leisure effort for fun market, Hertz introduced a pre-paid program that is used primarily by the 21-25 year old market, a market segment that was and in numerous cases is not allowed to even rent before this program. In addition they introduced three new programs for vacation travelers i.Prestige assembling high end SUVs and lavishness car models (Volvo, Lincoln, Cadillac, BMS, Audi and Land Rover. ) ii. Green collection Toyota Prius, For d Fusion, Toyota Corolla, Camry hybrids. iii. Fun collection Ford Mustang, Chevy Corvette, Jeep Wrangler. To further diversify, Hertz purchased Advantage Rent A-Car a very reasonably priced car rental popular with those who do the Priceline on line booking. Hertz has combined their fleet with Advantage in order to offer a variety of aggrandisement and off peak vehicles to meet a variety of renter motivatings.Theyve begun looking at lease electric cars, a zero carbon, and rechargeable vehicle, introduced in late 2010 in North American and European markets. The target market for the electric cars is a university setting where the charging stations make sense for car sharing experiences. In addition, car sharing, Connect by Hertz, a total mobility solution oblation high tech, high touch rental option for urban, university and corporate travelers. To further expand their offerings, Hertz purchased Paris based Eileo in 2009, the pioneer of integrated car sharing technology, a concep t that has been launched in London, Paris and NYC.This offering reduces the number of cars on the road which also reduces pollution, creating an economic benefit for move urban areas. In their global markets, Hertz has expanded their equipment rental revenue into China and the Middle East with entertainment services, power generation and industrial equipment. This expansion of global footprint gives Hertz the ability to offer low class rental experiences through corporate owned or franchised partners. modified direction was given to China (Beijing and Shanghai) and Chinas new 48 airports, Saudi Arabia/Middle east with equipment where construction is booming currently.SWOC Analysis Challenges Dependence on the United States Automobile Industry The financial instability of U. S. car manufactures has presented significant challenges to the Hertz Corporation. Hertz depends on its business partnerships with these organizations. The bankruptcy of many American auto manufacturers has led to double digit declines in car and equipment rental volumes. The majority of Hertzs rental cars are purchased from Ford and General motors. In the event that these companies would cease manufacturing and selling vehicles, Hertz would have to increase purchase vehicles from other manufactures.However, there is no guarantee that Hertz will be able to purchase vehicles at their current purchasing price. Technological Changes and Advances Many futurist and economists see technological innovation as one of the major forces driving industrial change (Schwartz, 2003 as cited in Bryson, 2004). As technology becomes increasing dominant in American organizations, Hertz employees will select to develop new skills to use and the organization will need to adopt these processes, structures, and resource allocations. Hertz will need to continually improve the way in which technology drives its business.These could represent challenges for them to improve the operation and effectiveness of t heir website, self-serving kiosks at airports, the GPS systems in their vehicles, and also includes the advancing their smart phone applications. Information technology is currently driving major changes in all probability to have dramatic impacts on organizational performance, accountability, and issues related to data and secretiveness (Bryson, 2004). Hertz reliance on technology exposes risk that could cause loss of a reservation interfere with their ability to manage fleets, privacy issues, and the slow operation of the car rental and sales process.Hertz needs to protect against these risks because they could adversely affect customer relations, operating results, and financial conditions. Competitive Pressures Hertz operates in a highly competitive market. They currently posses a 25. 7% share of the rental car market (AVIS/Budget- 28. 9%, endeavour- 31. 4%, Dollar/Thrifty- 12. 0%) enterprise brands currently dominate off-airport rentals and the insurance replacement markets respectively. angiotensin converting enzyme of Hertzs priorities is to present a bigger challenge to Enterprise in these particular arenas.In order to do so, Hertz needs to remain cognizant of the business strategies of their biggest competitors. Significant changes in the competitive market will affect Hertzs business strategies and policies, not excluding pricing practices and incentive programs. For example, most consumers have become more cost conscientious since the recent recession. If Hertz were to increase costs, their competition, some of which has greater resources and better access to capital, may seek to compete aggressively on the basis of pricing. In essence, Hertz competition could gain strategic advantages by reducing their prices.Hertz may also be presented with additional challenges from future competition. Worldwide equipment rentals, an area in which Hertz does especially well in, is currently highly abrupt with few national competitors. It is reasonably fore seeable for new competition to develop and penetrate that particular market. Maintaining customer satisfaction and employee morale The present economy has made continueing customer satisfaction and employee morale particularly challenging. The recession has caused Hertz to focus intensely on reducing operating costs. This means they had to drastically reduce staff and close many under-performing locations.In order for Hertz to maintain customer satisfaction with fewer employees and locations, they must develop more efficient practices and policies. This would also require Hertz to- consistently monitor the need for additional staffing at improving locations, constantly assess environmental trends, and introduce customer-centered technologies. Hertz must also be prepared to combat a potential decline in employee morale. With lay-offs perpetually looming, it is reasonable to expect employee morale to waver. If this happens, it could present deficiencies in operations which would dire ctly affect customer satisfaction levels.Merger Transitions Hertz recently acquired Eileo, a France based company that specializes in car-sharing programs. They also acquired the Advantage Rent-A-Car company in April of 2009. One of the challenges of these major acquisitions for Hertz is for them to be able to effectively integrate these associated offices, without diluting the Hertz brand. In essence, they must realize operational synergies. Doing this does involve numerous risks including potential disruptions of ongoing business, distractions of management, difficulties integrating different business practices, and exposure of unknown liabilities.Pressures to Go Green Green policies and practices are becoming preferred by the majority of the American population. Consumers are increasingly concerned with the longevity of the planet. Hertz business policies need to accept Americas vision of greener practices. In order to do this, Hertz most take on a moral business to utilize vehi cles with higher MPG and better fuel emission standards that are safer for the environment. This could also include the challenges of effectively developing electric car initiates and car sharing programs.Expanding the Global Footprint Approximately third gear of Hertzs revenue is generated outside the U. S. market. They currently have franchise partners in over 136 countries. One of the biggest challenges Hertz faces is to minimize the economic effects in their international market, particularly in Europe. This is especially challenging, considering the fact that global recession has caused most companies to decease market expansion plans. And yet, Hertz still has ambitions to add locations worldwide, including establishing a higher concentration in the Chinese market. China happens to be the worlds fastest growing car and equipment rental market. ) Other Challenges Facing the Hertz Corporation include * Fossils fuels- rising fuel costs and/or shortages in fuel directly impact re ntal acquisition, leaving consumers to find it too expensive to travel. * External threats affecting travel- war, terrorist attacks, epidemic disease, natural disasters, etc * Risk management- the liability of Hertz being responsible for equipment damage, property damage, personal injury, death, and the litigation expenses that could result from these occurrences. * Seasonality- a decrease in travel uring the winter and increase during the effluence and summer months present challenges to efficiently manage fleet operations. * Government laws, mandates, and controls- Hertz is subjected to many political regulations in relation to pricing/advertising, privacy and data collection, currency controls, labor relations, charge card operations, insurance policies, environmental protection, and used car sales and licensing procedures. Changes in any governmental policy, or the adoption of new laws, could result in significant changes in Hertz procedures, which may increase cost of operati ons and applicable tax rates. Marketing- Hertz will be continually challenged to conduct active sales and marketing programs that attract and retain customers. STRATEGIC ISSUES Hertz is a trend runner in the rental vehicle business, number two only to AVIS in the current markets Hertz serves. In order to maintain and grow a competitive edge there are some strategic issues that Hertz must address directly. Market Share Vehicle Rental Hertz is at the top with Avis edging them out for the top spot, however staying at top means keeping the Brand in previous of the audience.In the SG A discussion of the 2009 Annual Report Hertz mown their advertising expense by almost 30%. They did not maintain a new structure for media buying to be facilitated by a new agency to save costs. I am left to think they simply decreased advertising. In recent travels and paying closer attention to media in travel powder stores Delta Airlines and US Airways flight magazine AVIS big red versus big yellow was the dominant vehicle rental advertiser. Should you look at any other constituted, well known brand, vitamin C and Pepsi as an obvious example they spend millions keeping that logo apparent motion of mind.Advertising is seen anywhere you could potentially think about inebriation a soft drink. In order to continue to branch out with new technology in an effort to capitalize on the brand, Hertz must continue a very aggressive media run for to be present anywhere people may think of rental car need. Car Manufacturers Hertz suffered greatly when the US car manufacturers financial challenges. Hertz has depended on the partnerships with manufacturers who were not able to meet the obligations of their agreements with Hertz which left Hertz scrambling to develop new avenues for fleet vehicle programs.Ford who Hertz relies on in the US must stay final result in order to Hertz to enjoy the ability to purchase fleet and program vehicles and the tax incentives they enjoy because of the ir inventory management of fleet. Debt and Interest remunerations For the bordering two to five geezerhood in order to survive Hertz must meet obligations for all interest payments and as a sign of financial stability should look to significant debt reduction. The 2009 annual report indicates 126 million in losses, interest expense of 680 million which are material amounts.The debt is held by two primary lenders Deuschte coast and Bank of Scotland. If either organization called their notes requiring payment in full, Hertz would not succeed. Hertz is not the low cost leader and needs to maintain that position in a positive way to ensure financial trends are positive. Technology Hertz must focus on the ability execute operationally any technology introduced. It is one thing to advertise iPhone applications, internet and wifi connections the ability to attain what the customer has reserved using the wireless technologies has to be present in order to build customer impudence.If o ne reserves, arrives and has no vehicle does the technology really matter if you did not save time or sense of smell that you had received value or convenience. To that traveler at that moment Hertz must be able to execute. The ability to distribute their assets to the right place, at the right time to support demand from these new technologies is critical. Focus on Green Hertz is act to what they refer to as the electric car revolution. This is a vehicle with a zero carbon footprint. At the present time, lack of recharging stations will temper the demand for the electric cars.The hope is that in the next few years university settings and very urban markets will take the lead for the establishment of charging stations will then provide a structure for this next generation of green transportation. In the short term availability of hybrid models such as the Toyota Prius, Nissan Altima and Toyota Camry are Hertz response to those who require a greener model. Off Airport Rental Hertz is beginning to enter new location space with their fleetoff airport rental. Hertz is going face to face with the launch leader, Enterprise system. Is this an appropriate move for the next 2 5 years in the US market?Europe where Hertz has a presence and daily/weekly rentals are a way of life is one thing (add to that most of those markets are franchised so you can terminate an arrangement). Hertz will be risking additional asset costs in fleet, leased property, staffing in hope to gain ground in an area held unwaveringly by Enterprise. People Hertz North America has reduced headcount to a bare minimum deploying human assets on an admitted as ask basis to strategic hubs. This is a very short term view of growth. The ability to grow infrastructure must include a committed front line, operational management team.The Annual Report stated an increase in employee satisfaction. The hope is then that Hertz continues to communicate and r for each one out to those dedicated to customer s ervice second to none in spite of financial challenges. That part of the human touch with customers leasing employees where customer contact is indispensable airport leasing, returns with checkout is necessary in order to build resort business. Equipment Business Hertz equipment business does not report a leadership presence in any one market, in any one geographic area. By Hertz own admission the competitive landscape in this business segment is intense. Can Hertz realistically, financially maintain a healthy presence in both industries? EBITDA results were maintained for the equipment portion of the business through cost cutting measures as revenues dropped dramatically. US new construction continues to struggle and from the readings the European market is no better. China is bustling, but are we confident based on current locations that we can enter then stay competitive those new and emerging markets? The equipment is expensive in multiple ways assets are expensive to purchas e, maintain, and insure. Is the return versus other withal situated usinesses sound? Hertz is in a business where receivables can become problematic. Credit is extensive, and during financially challenging times generally extended past healthy limits. There was a surprisingly low 1. 1% bad debt due to non-payment, and the receivable turnaround time was not addressed. The fact is you generally do not immediately receive your payment as you would in a fleet rental transaction. The current uncertainty of the future global construction market begsHertz to question whether they can fitly focus on two different business rental segments given their current financial condition.Summary Hertz has significant brand recognition, good ideas to generate revenue for the future. However they are in a rickety situation two distinctly different business segments that have experienced huge revenue declines, specifically, construction and the vacation and leisure vehicle rental declines of 2008 and 2009 that have left Hertz with extraordinary debt to consider in order to remain a going concern. Foundations of goals and strategic plan We have successfully completed both external and internal analyses of the rental car and equipment markets as it pertains to the Hertz Corporation.The goals and future direction of the corporation must unequivocally brace actions, that when taken, establish and maintain strategic advantages for Hertz in this extremely competitive market. We believe the goals established herein educe such responses. The subsequent parting of this strategic plan will outline the strategies and approaches to be taken by Hertz to facilitate obtainment of their trail goals. The following goals have been established for the Hertz Corporation Increased Market Share In the travel 5 years, Hertz has consistently relinquished percentages of their car-rental market share to their principal competitors.Currently, it is estimated that Hertzs market share is at 25. 7%. The goal over the next 3 years is for Hertz to secure one-third of the share in this market. In doing so, Hertz will also maintain its dominance in the equipment rental market and begin to compete with Enterprise in the off-airport rental market. Hertz will also aggressively ensue its international markets, including significantly extending operations in China, the worlds fastest growing car and equipment rental market. Movement toward sustainable inventory Hertz will significantly extend its social responsibility programs.The goal is for Hertz to drastically increase eco-friendly vehicles to its operating fleet (a 30% increase by 2014). Hertz believes it has a moral obligation to do so and will diligently pursue business directives that are safer for the environment. This includes introducing smart car initiatives, increasing electric car fleet additions, and contracting more fuel efficient vehicles that emit set about carbon-dioxide into the atmosphere. Improve customer satisfaction by training and technology Hertz has always recognized its required allegiance to the customers of their brand.Hertz will continue to pursue business objectives that improve customers experience with the product. This will include increasing customer relationship trainings for all our employees. The company will also set aggressive goals over the next 3 years to be the most technologically advanced rental car and equipment company in the world. Essentially, the technology goals were established to make the customers experience more rewarding. At Hertz, we believe that the consequences of improving our technology will result in a better brand image and improved customer satisfaction.The satisfaction/technology goals rely on the principle of the four mores 1) more safe and responsible 2) more simplistic 3) more reliable 4) more comfortable Dedication to Employees Over the next 3 years, it will be increasingly evident that Hertz feels morally responsible to the environment, their cust omers, and shareholders. However, our company would like to further acknowledge its commitment to the employees of Hertz. We understand that the current economic crisis has forced the company into making tough decisions, decisions that ultimately left thousands of Hertz employees jobless.Hertz also understands that no goal outlined in this strategic plan will be attainable without the commitment and dedication of all its employees. Therefore, Hertz is introducing its M. O. R. A. L. E program (Movement of Recognizing All Leadership Employees). This movement will provide the following benefits for Hertz employees incentives for excellent job performance, lucrative rewards for obtaining organizational goals, billing plans added to employees base salary- purposefully designed to improve performance, monthly employee recognition meetings, and an aggressive career advancement campaign.The goal here is for Hertz to improve the morale of all its employees and be recognized as the number on e employer in the car and equipment rental industry. Drastically decrease debt owed Hertz currently owes a substantial monetary amount to two primary lenders Deuschte Bank and Bank of Scotland. Operating under such debt has caused strategic limitations and will doubtless effect the attainment of the goals laid herein. Hertz is also subjected to the arbitrary decisions of the said(prenominal) lenders.The corporation may struggle to sustain itself if either lender requires payment in full or radically increases payment contingencies. Therefore, over the next 3 years, Hertz will industriously contribute to paying off debt owed. It is believed that Hertzs ability to do so will be promoted by obtaining all of the other goals outlined in this strategic plan. Hertz Strategic Plan Implementation Hertz Global Holdings (Hertz) operates vehicle and equipment rental businesses in the United States and Europe as well as global services for industries like construction, automobile manufacturing , railroad, power generation, and shipbuilding.Hertz vehicle rental business is the largest worldwide. Headquartered in Park Ridge, New Jersey, the company employs 24,900 people in approximately 8,200 locations in 146 countries worldwide. Mission It is the mission of Hertz to be the most customer focused, cost efficient vehicle and equipment rental/leasing company in every market we serve. We will strengthen our leading worldwide positions through a shared value culture of employee and partner involvement by making strategic investments in our brand, people, and products.The focus of everything we do will be on improved shareholder value. Vision Hertz will be the first choice brand for vehicle and equipment rental/leasing and total mobility solutions. Strategies * ensure that the Hertz Brand is in front of the target audience through aggressive and consistent media campaigns to further increase vehicle rental market share. * Hertz will increase marketing expenditures by 15% over the next three years. The company will frontline its new marketing campaign epitomized by its new slogan. Hertz, driving you towards the future. The focus of this campaign will be to characterize Hertzs image as an enviro-friendly car rental company that has embraced technological advancements. * Expand partnerships to avoid conflicts and retain an ability to purchase fleet and program vehicles. * Meet and exceed obligations for all interest payments to secure financial stability in an additional effort to significantly reduce debt. * Focus on, plan for, and invest in new and useful technologies and facilities to meet and match customer expectations in order to build customer confidence and to distribute Hertz products to the right place at the right time to support demand. Continue to embrace the principles of environmental sustainability that serve the evolving needs of our employees and customers. rest committed to vehicles with the lowest carbon footprint. Waiting for and accessin g infrastructure as the demand for electric cars increases. In the short term, hybrid models such as the Toyota Prius, Nissan Altima and Toyota Camry will be used in response to customer demand. * Continue to find and use new location space off the airport rental market challenging the competition. Challenge, empower and engage employees seeking to increase satisfaction through affirming communication to improve morale and decrease turnover. Hertz will strive to increase the diversity of the workforce as a parcel to the overall success, and to recruit and retain talented employees. * Increased use of the human touch instead of technology where needed, and will respect and care for each customer through each transaction in order to build repeat business. * Consider the equipment rental/leasing portion of the business for cost utting measures as revenues dropped dramatically, U. S. new construction continues to struggle and China is competitive. REFERENCES Hertz Annual Report http//p hx. corporate-ir. net/External. File? item=UGFyZW50SUQ9Mzc2NTI0fENoaWxkSUQ9Mzc1MTMxfFR5cGU9MQ==t=1 Hertz Global Holdings, Inc. Q4 2009 Earnings Call Transcript http//seekingalpha. com/article/190491-hertz-global-holdings-inc-q4-2009-earnings-call-transcript Hertz Mission Statement, Vision and Values https//images. hertz. com/pdfs/VMVWeb. pdf

Progressive Era Essay

The progressive era directly followed the post-civil war snip of chaos and corruption. The coupled States of the States desperately needed limiting. As a result of this desire for change a varied group called progressives (which were largely composed of white shopping mall class), pushed to improve Americas current condition and created a aline of goals. A majority of these goals were achieved pushing America to having maturationd social justice, gage control, and regulations on consumer products. However not all hopes of change were granted and or so failures still remained.The progressive era was a time of major correct and for the most part took strides of success towards its myriad of goals, which the U. S. desperately needed to achieve. This era completely contrasts with the post civil war era, and created a better America. A large reason why this time of reform could occur is because during this time America had semipolitically progressive thinkers. Theodore Roosevel t dedicated much of his presidency to increase and improve America as a democratic nation with an grand source of justice and liberty.Roosevelt formed the new square deal which (the 3 cos) controlled the corporations, had restrictions on consumer products, and allowed direct nominations. In the 17th amendment it was stated that elections should be nominated and controlled by the people. archive D describes the shift from the previous establishment of indirect voting through the electoral college, to the new direct nominations do from the people. This signified the power of the people and increased democracy ideals. another(prenominal) wizard of Roosevelts contri plainlyions to progressivism was the regulation of meat, food and water.Document B illustrates the horrifying un healthful conditions of meat packaging, but during the progressive era acts were passed to make restrictions and laws ab push through the sanitation of consumer products. There were as well as regulations on water purity, and systems were developed to improve holler systems and created healthy water available to the public (especially in urban areas). The diseases and health issues portrayed in Doc. B were dramatically lessened as these regulations were ensnare into place and medical advances were made.Roosevelt also contributed to the much needed act of religious belief busting. The cartoon in Doc. A shows T. R. using his big brandishing stick to lambaste monopolies and corrupt trusts which controlled big industries. However after T. R. s terms as president Woodrow Wilson went on a trust busting frenzy and together they stamped out a majority of trusts (T. R. crushed 44 trusts in 7 age while Wilson busted 70 trusts in only 4 years). In the Clayton antitrust act, laws against unjust ways of business were put into place.It became illegal to distract in price between different purchasers. any line of occupation(Doc. E) This act states that no discrimination in cost could be emp loy and it made monopolies illegal. This act also kindly noted that labor organizations were legal. about other achieved goal during the progressive era was the economic positive aspects that were put into place. The national reserve act insured that money would be controlled and divided to go through its safety and conservation. The progressive era also was the final push women needed to secure their suffrage.There were helpful constrictions of labor and the hours and conditions improved. Public schooling also was improved and increased during this era. Also an environmental movement occurred. An innumerous criterion of achievements and successes resulted from this reform movement. Although ultimately the progressive era brought a positive sporty over America it had some minor failures. For most of this movement it was support politically but Taft (besides trust busting) was a set back to this revolution.In addition, Wilson didnt place any laws against the KKK or ant lynchin g laws. Document I shows the discrimination against races and the ability to preform (perform) hate crimes without legal restrictions. Another social injustice was the lack of passing the equal rights amendment. The picture in Document H shows how equal rights werent set into place under Wilson. Although Wilson was a progressive in some aspects he was a anti-Semite(a) and sexist in other areas. An economic problem cause by this era was the idea of credits. Credits were used to increase consumerism but in reality it just created large devts, which is a cause of the great depression. In general the progressive era led to a number of successes, but it also had its drawbacks. In conclusion, the progressive era led to various economic, social, and political reforms, most of which were positive. Even though it has some negative outcomes, in reality, some of these issues can never be completely solved, even today. All in all, the progressive era worked to produce a better nations and cre ated many successes for the United States of America.

Irish Prison System Essay

In 2012, the average cost of chains per prison house house house houseer in Ireland was 65, 404. The current prison population is 4, 306. Thats an estimated 282, 000,000 of the levy concedeers m bingley spent on prisons in Ireland per annum.IntroductionThis Irish prison transcription consists of 15 different institutions. This is made up of el make up tralatitious closed prisons, two open prisons, a training prison and a prison for young offenders. All of our prisons are termed medium-low aegis, a social function from Portlaoise prison a male only prison and our countries only high security prison. The character of a prison is to retain those leg solelyy committed of a curse as punishment or whilst they await trial. The mission of the Irish prison assist (as declared in their 2010 Annual key out) is to provide safe, secure and sympathetic custody for people who are sent to prison.The Service is committed to managing tutelar sentences in a way which encourages and suppo rts captives in their endeavouring to live law long-suffering and purposeful lives as valued members of guild. This essay will examine the groovy which is currently spent on the Irish prison system and assess if the Irish prison system merits the money which it expends. Is 65,404 a reasonable descend to spend on the legal punishment of one individual, and are the systems in show impressive in providing our prisoners with rehabilitation and social regeneration? Utilising these baffleings the watchword will attempt to offer substitute(a) systems of punishment to imprisonment.Poor ConditionsThe European Convention for the Prevention of bedevilment and Inhuman or Degrading preaching or Punishment (CPT) carried verboten an examination of Irish prison conditions in January- February 2010. The report described degrading behaviour and un-hygienic conditions. An examination of Portlaoise prisons E-block discovered inadequate and unacceptable sanitary facilities. The cubicles w ere small (6m) and several(prenominal) of them were derelict with broken windows and dirty walls.None of the cells had in-cell sanitation and, at night, if a prisoner had to defecate he was likely thereafter to wrap up the fecal matter in a parcel and sometimes throw it out of the window. A typical day for a prisoner is made up of 16 hours of lock up, those under severe confinement can last 18 hours or to a greater extent of creation restricted to their cell. In uttermost(prenominal) cases some prisoners whitethorn non even get to spend one hour a day outside of their cell. The CPT concluded that 23-hour lock-up should only be considered as a temporary respite, whereas in the Irish prison system it has developed into a general measure.The prisoners LifeWhilst enquiry presents the inhumane conditions that exist in some of our prisons we also hear reports of recreationally facilities that some law abiding working class citizens do non even give access too. In 2009 journali st with the Evening Herald, Cormac Looney states that a sum of almost 200,000 was spent on sports equipment for prisoners in Ireland. He notes that Mount cheer prison house received 36,388 worth or sports, gym and recreational equipment, while inmates of the high-security Portlaoise prison which include representer gang lord John Giligan received 28, 214 in sports equipment.Fiach Kelly of the Irish Independent informed us in 2010 that members of the Irish prison service had signed an additional 200,000 contract to upgrade our prisons for the subsequent triple classs. Kelly quotes Fine Gaels then spokesman on public spending, Brian Hayes. I richly accept the prisoners motif proper gym facilities, he said. The question is why are they being kitted out again at this cost. I find it quite extraordinary the IPS (Irish Prisoners Service) signed off on this unstinting expending item. The IPS notwithstandingified these expenses, claiming the equipment was of good value for the agree d price. An IPS spokesperson maintained that the training of a gym would in the long run help prisoners to fulfill control of other areas of their lives.Surely our prison systems main priority should be acting in accordance to their mission statement as stated in their three year strategic plan (2012-2015), adhering to the guidelines set for protect canonical human rights and meeting the prescribed health and safety standards. Our perpetration Providing safe and secure custody, dignity of care and rehabilitation to prisoners for safer communities.Our Vision A safer community through excellence in a prison service built on respect for human dignity.A Case k in a flashledge Inside the JoyLittle do Irishmen know the wretchedness of imprisonment.(John K. Casey, Fenian prisoner, Mountjoy Prison) often no-holds-barred writings exist on the inside stories of Mountjoy prison. They reveal what life is genuinely like as an inmate from desperation and depression, to bullying, beatings and the drugs network. The 2010 report by the CPT describes the insult of prisoners by staff members. An inmate of Mountjoy prison claims he was physically assaulted by a subroutine of prison officersA prisoner at Mountjoy Prison alleged that on 15 October 2009 he was physically assaulted in his cell by several prison officers, in the course of which he claimed he was thrown on the floor and repeatedly stamped and hit on the pectus, fortify and head. He also alleged that he was punched in the ribs while being escorted down the stairs to the basement of B Block 9. The photographic try of the injuries contained in the medical record is consistent with repeated injury to the chest wall extensive bruising of the outer aspect of the left subdivision is not consistent with simply having been restrained.Former Governor of Mountjoy John Lonergan provides an sharpness into the prison. Even Lonergan maintains it was still a kip when he retired in June 2010. capital of Minnesota Howards tell-all account of a prisoners life in Mountjoy publish stark revelations of the desperate conditions Irelands criminals endure. Prisoners are limited to one shower a week and one change of underwear per week. We learn of the littlest things that bring joy to the inmates such as a radio-show by Father Michael Cleary and the effects that development a privilege like the use of the library have on prisoners.P hustlelems with Irish PrisonsThe Irish Prison musical arrangement leaves a lot to be desired, outlined below are two of the major problems the system faces.* OvercrowdingAn over-reliance of the Irish criminal system on imprisonment as a form of punishment is just one explanation scarce forward in an attempt to explain the vast number (4,306) of criminals sentenced to imprisonment. The number of individuals sent to prison for not paying fines has increased by 10.5%, conclusioning in an estimated 18 non-fine payers occupying prison cells on any one day.Findings of the CPT re port over-crowding in all the major prisons. The report questions the progress of Mountjoys Thornton Hall complex which the Irish authorities had originally optimistically stated would be complete and pretend for occupancy in 2010, this date has now been pushed back to 2015. Besides twist new cells and providing additional sleeping arrangements our only option is to reduce the number of individuals admitted to our prisons. Tackling the crime rate is another problem so for now we should smack at providing petty criminals with punishment other than imprisonment. The Irish Prison function Annual Reports for 2002 and 2003, noting the expense of keeping an individual in prison emphasize that imprisonment must remain the sanction of last resort.* Staffing IssuesIn 2010 the Irish Examiner amongst other national publications alleged that Northern Irelands prisons had more than staff than inmates. Particular reference was made to Maghaberry prison, a high security prison in Co. Antrim. Statistics presented showed that Northern Irelands 1,500 prisoner population was staffed by approximately 2, three hundred persons. A well-staffed prison is not sufficient if it cant recognise its inmates staple fiber human rights and provide facilities which satisfy these. 282,000,000 Worth of ExpensesIf overcrowding is common, and basic sanitary facilities are not being provided then why is the Irish Prison System expending an overwhelming amount of capital? season the figures are high expenditure has actually de-creased in recent years, this is not due to a fall in the number of prisoners but more to do with the issue of overcrowding which reduces the cost of bed space. Again we need to whole tone at those responsible for the management of staffing and finance. It seems the Irish Prison System, like a lot of the States governing bodies need a lesson in monetary management. What is the Alternative?There is no question that prisons are an integral part of any functioning soci ety, but in order to provide basic facilities for criminals who require such punishment we need to look at the crimes that may not require punishment of that extent. We need to look at alternate means of punishment for the likes of non-fine payers and similar offenders. The Evening Herald tells us that just less than 200 individuals were punished with prison sentences for not paying speak to fines linked to TV licenses in 2011. The article shows that 25 people a day are now being sent to prison for failing to pay court fines. There were 1, 680 women sent to prison in 2011 and 1, 300 of those were due to their failure to pay court ordered fines. An obvious alternative punishment for non-fine payers and similar offenders is community service, no real threat to society as a whole and humiliation and inconvenience would be effective punishment for such crimes.Community service could be in their local area so as to increase the humiliation therefore dissuade individuals from re-offe nding and encourage others to pay such charges. Another suggestion is the introduction of manual(a) labour into the prison system. The Irish Prison System outlined the need for exercise for prisoners, instead of spending capital on the provision of state of the art fitness and training equipment serious offenders could be forced to participate in tasks such as the cleaning, up-keep and refurbishing of prisons. While a prisoners integral rights and health must always be foremost in conclusiveness making a reduction in some more squander recreational facilities may reduce the number of re-offenders when they have extremely prohibit experiences in prison.The number of prisoners committed to prison more than once in 2010 stood at 3,421. In More Streetwise Stories from Irish Prisons editor and irregular prison teacher Neville Thompson suggests the provision of a back-up system for prisoners when they are released. He describes a touring theatre company which he hopes to set up What a Waste Productions. The company would engage in writing, music, acting, set design and production. This persuasion could reduce the number of re-offenders. With too much time to think and precise little space in which to do it prisoners real often resort to writing or poetry, involvement in something haughty which helps them discuss and come to terms with their experiences in prison may monish prisoners from returning to crime.Thompson envisages the production company eventually becoming self-supporting but justifies initial government financial input in these terms It now costs 85,000 to keep a prisoner inside. God knows how many prisoners rob before they are caught again. However, we are looking to get 20,000 per prisoner for the projects we have in hand. At first instance, taking the projects we have in place it would cost us 200,000 to keep our project afloat for a year as opposed to 850,000 to keep them incarcerated.ConclusionWhile the idea that prisons are a complete sp oil of money is generally as result of ignorance the large amount of capital that the Irish Prison System expends is not justified when we look at the failure of Irish prisons to deliver basic facilities to inmates. We need to sentence those who need to be dealt with in such a way and look at an alternative means of punishment for those who male parentt require such punishment. Much media coverage tells us of the lavish lifestyles which inmates such as Sean Quinn lead. This glamourises prison life and needs to be tackled in order to promote a less-appealing system and make the Irish prison system what it should be a threat to discourage individuals from committing crimes. The suggestion that tackling media word picture of life in prison would greatly reduce the number of offenders is passing idealistic but coupled with an effective program for criminals coming out of prison may at least reduce the number of re-offenders.ReferencesBooks* Carey, T. 2000. Mountjoy The tommyrot of a Prison. bobtail The Collins Press. * Howard, P.1996. The Joy. Dublin The OBrien Press.* Lonergan, J. 2010. The Governor. Dublin Penguin Ireland. * ODonnell, I. and OSullivan. E. 2001. Crime Control in Ireland The politics of Intolerance. Cork Cork University Press. * OMahony, P. 2000. Prison Policy in Ireland Criminal Justice versus accessible Justice. Cork Cork University Press. * Thompson, N. 2007. More Streetwise Stories from Irish Prisons. Mullingar Killynon House Books Ltd. administration Publications* Irish Prison Service 2012. Three Year Strategic see Online accessible from http//www.drugsandalcohol.ie/17473/1/ips_three_year_strategic_plan.pdf Last Accessed 09 whitethorn 2013 * The European deputation for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 2010. Report to the Government of Ireland on the visit to Ireland carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment Online. pr ocurable from http//www.cpt.coe.int/documents/irl/2011-03-inf-eng.pdf Accessed 09 May 2013. * The Irish Prison Service 2010. Irish Prison Service Annual Report Online Available fromhttp//www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Irish_Prison_Service_2010_Annual_Report.pdf/Files/Irish_Prison_Service_2010_Annual_Report.pdf Accessed 09 May 2013Newspaper Articles* Kelly, F. 2010. Prisons to spend 200,000 on lavish equipment for gyms. The Irish Independent Ireland Online, 13 October. Available from http//www.independent.ie/irish- intelligence activity/prisons-to-spend-200000-on-lavish-equipment-for-gyms-26689415.html Accessed 09 May 2013. * Lavery, M. 2013. 121 women are sent to jail for failing to pay TV licence fines. The Evening Herald Ireland Online, 15 December. Available from http//www.herald.ie/news/121-women-are-sent-to-jail-for-failing-to-pay-tv-licence-fines-28963049.html Accessed 09 May 2013. * Looney, C. 2009. 200k for prison gyms as garda budget slashed. The Evening Herald Ireland Online, 05 M arch. Available from http//www.herald.ie/news/200k-for-prison-gyms-as-garda-budget-slashed-27903752.html Accessed 09 May 2013. * OKeefe, C. 2013. Prison bosses urge to kick football spend to touch. The Irish Examiner Ireland Online, 10 January. Available from http//www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/prison-bosses-urged-to-kick-football-spend-to-touch-219146.html Accessed 09 May 2013. * The Irish Examiner, 2010. Norths prisons ineffective despite having more staff than prisoners. 14 December. Available from http//www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/norths-prisons-ineffective-despite-having-more-staff-than-prisoners-485592.html Accessed 09 May 2013.Websites* The Irish Penal Reform Trust 2013. Facts and figures Online. Available from http//www.iprt.ie/ Last Accessed 09 May 2013. * The Irish Prison Service 2013. Prisons Online Available from http//www.irishprisons.ie/index.php/joomlaorg Last Accessed 09 May 2013. some other* Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice 2012. The Irish Prison S ystem Vision, Values, Reality. Dublin Jesuit Centre for Faith and Justice. * Matthews-Lynch, C. 2010. Are prisons a waste of money? Online BA, Dublin City University. Available http//carlymatthews.me/writings/college/2nd-year/cm261-crime-the-media/ Last Accessed 09 May 2013.

McDonaldization

Weber viewed bureaucracies as such a powerful construct of social organization that he predicted they would come to dominate social life. He c tout ensembleed this process the rationalization of hunting lodge, meaning that bureaucracies, with their rules, regulations, and emphasis on results would increasingly say our lives. Sociologist George Ritzer (2006) see the thousands of McDonalds restaurants that are in the United States and much(prenominal) and more than nearly the globe as having much greater signifi bay windowce than just straight convenience of burgers and shakes.McDonaldization is defined as the process of how the principle of the fast- food restaurant is coming to take over more and more sectors of Ameri whoremaster society as well as the rest of the globe. Ritzer holds that predictability, calculability and image over pot by essence of the commutation of human and non-human technology are the elements behind Webers formal rationality.Ritzer compares t he fast-food restaurant with the home-made meal, and finds it to be more expensive and less pleasant. You could similarly compare it to the conventional cuisine restaurant. By comparison fast-food restaurants are manifestly cheaper, more informal and more accessible to more people. In such a comparison the fast-food restaurants may be seen as a diverseness of democratization of the restaurant services. And it is certainly something that Americans see as predictable, calculable and having comptroller over society.Fast food restaurants have replaced the social interaction that was erst a tradition of Mom staying home to cook and all sit down down to eat at a certain time (and ordinarily when Dad had come home from work after a considerable day at work). Now with the two parents working family the fast food restaurant has helped bureaucracies to expand and develop the twenty- iv hour society. The growth of the fast-food industry has likewise been one of the factors two enab ling and resulting in the growth of female pop of the home paid employment.According to Ritzer the address car is the al some important American icon, beca habit it is a means to obtaining other American icons. Ritzer uses the credit entry panel as a window to ascertain a break down view of American society and shade, it expresses something about America. It speeding planting around the globe gives other cultures and societies an American express or appearance. by dint of the use of the cards other cultures, according to Ritzer, are Americanized. through the credit card has it good points, Ritzer focuses on the darker side and attendant problems such as consumerism and debt, fraud, aggression of privacy, rationalization and homogenization in the shape of Americanization. The money economy is associated with a temptation to imprudence and a resulting risk of overspending and going deeply into debt. According to Ritzer, both the intangibility of money and the swiftness of t ransactions increase with the use of credit cards. As a result credit cards will genius to even greater levels of imprudence.The author shows that credit card debt has fail the most common form of financial liability in the U.S. Even though the risks of imprudence are more or less intrinsic to the cards he also blames the credit card industry for luring people even deeper into debt problems. Ritzer lays out the malaise of the American consumer society, criticizing the credit card companies for their exploitative conduct and the American government for their unwillingness to regulate industry and to give consumers adequate protection. recognitionRitzer, G. (2006). McDonaldization The Reader. New York Sage Publication. McDonaldizationMcDonaldization was a term originated by sociologist George Ritzer in his disk The McDonaldization of Society (1995). In this book, he described the process through which a society takes shape the characteristics of a fast-food restaurant. For Ritz er McDonaldization displayed a rationalization, or moving from traditional to rational modes of thought, and scientific management. In his theory, Max Weber displayed the model of the bureaucracy to represent the direction of this changing society, through this Ritzer saw the fast-food restaurant to become a more representative contemporary paradigm.According to Ritzer there were quaternity main components of McDonaldization. This he described to be efficiency, calculability, predictability and control. In efficiency he described the optimal order for accomplishing a task. Here Ritzer pertained to the best method that would help you reach the efficiency of reaching the fastest method to get from point A to point B. This is macrocosm displayed in your typical McDonalds customers set up that the fastest demeanor to get from organism famished to being full is to eat at McDonalds. In Calculability Ritzer showed that the main documentary should be quantifiable which can be displa yed through sales earlier than subjective for example taste. In the rise of McDonaldization, it developed the notion that measuring should be equal to quality.This sprung from the typical goal of a business endeavor to serve a large tot of goods to deliver to its customer in a short amount of time. It was interpreted that this should be the uniform as high quality goods. This generally gave the people the impression that of how much theyre getting verses how much theyre paying in purchasing goods. Through this organizations want consumers to believe that they are getting a larger amount of goods for a smaller amount of money. Thus workers in these organizations also can be judged by how fast they are in production sooner of the quality of work they do. Predictability standardised and uniform services.In describing predictability Ritzer pertained to the predictability and uniformity of receiving the akin service and receiving the same goods e genuinely time a person purchase s anything at any McDonaldized organization. It is also reflected in the performance of the workers in those said organizations. each(prenominal) person and organization is tasked to maintain a level of extremely repetitive, highly routined, and predictable tasks. In control Ritzer showed the display of standardized and uniform employees, which was the replacement of human by non-human technologies. Through this each McDonalized organization is in control of it operations very carefully to achieve the predictable goals it set for itself.These four processes shows a strategy which is rational within a narrow orbital cavity scarce can also lead to outcomes that are harmful or irrational. In Ritzers book, the process of McDonaldization can be summarized as the way in which the principles of the fast-food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of American society as well as of the rest of the world. (Ritzer, 1996).Through this it is manifested how society is being s haped through the principles being set to us by the standards and values of the popular fast food chain called McDonalds. It was not only through the domination of the McDonalds food chain can we place the McDonaldization of society, it is by how the stylus of the McDonalds phenomenon of success where in we can see the upbraiding why such food chain has given such a large impact to society.In McDonaldization that the pattern of being set by the popular fast food chain McDonalds is not being restricted to the domain of the fast-food market. It is even quite evident in the modernizing society that this wave of McDonaldization can be seen in the disclosures of the supermarket. It is instanter evident that supermarkets has this instant come be the replacement for the corner store and has since itself been superseded by all sorts of hypermarkets.In the world of entertainment video shop chains and Disneyland are can display McDonaldization. While in the arena of wellnesscare it has been also noticeable how house doctors has been irretrievably replaced by a much more streamlined, effective, all-encompassing, but, alas, also a much more impersonal system of health care.In the world of printing press, the American nationwide newspaper ground forces Today is sometimes referred to as McPaper (Ritzer, 1996, p. 7). This paper exemplifies how the news can be perfected through its presentation of the current events in a standardized manner, this way it is more easily digestible for the readers.This way a very specific and easily recognizable layout, and shorter pieces with no continuation of reports on afterward pages, as well as a number of other measures, can ensure absolute predictability and thus efficiency. Just as much as tomorrows Big Mac in LA will be the same as yesterdays in New York, so much will the States Today live up to your expectations. USA Today gives its readers only what they want. No spinach, no bran, no liver. (Ritzer, 1996, p. 76)Probably, one of the most notable and important origin that was McDonalized should be the domain of higher breeding. Initially, we could only approach to imagine ho shocking implications of McDonaldization can pose to us and our kids. Despite that, this is exactly what McDonaldization poses to our students having that configuration point averages and the ranking of institutions, giving us trends of modernized education. It is predictability is a loose manifestation that even our education system has been McDonalized through time in modernization.Through this efficiency is more and more accomplished by means of multi-choice tests and even more, by standardized textbooks and preset tests that accompany them. Modernization of the education arena is clearly making our students lose a personal and pagan middleman in the spheres of learning specially when it comes to discussions of history, culture and heritage. Specifically in the context of the creation and distribution of scientific informati on, the ever-present spectre of produce or perish must be mentioned. One can but overemphasize the detrimental effects such policies, founded as its in a paradigm of quantification, has on the quality of the information disseminated in scientific journals.While the efficiency in the aspect of the different spheres of society being imposed by McDonaldization can be advantageous to man kind, I think the McWorld is being taken into to many levels by most institutions that we are revolving around immediately. While it may be true that a McDonalds happy meal is an efficient way to satisfy ones hunger, I believe we are slowly but surely losing touch of the original nutritional value that can be manifested in the ethnical degradation which is evident all around the world in the manifestation of the new wave of globalization.These days it the cultural display amongst younger people of different races and religions can barely be seen as the youth is now packaged in to one technological t imes where in culture can only be displayed by one standardized McMTV generation where the genre has been set by pioneers of the entertainment industry.Negative manifestations can be seen through this as the youth has now set a trend of detachment to the world around them. The rampant display of violence and sexual activity in media doesnt help at all as escalating levels of recent delinquency is now more evident in the lifestyle of todays youth. The consumer culture is now at a wide open up like wild fire catching ablaze all that is in sight in one quick round.It is true that the McDonaldization is evident in society today. Its fast domination of the world is not only amuzing but more alarming if you ask me. Different organizations across the globe is now in a totally different level of competitiveness that they begin to lose touch of the goals and mission while focusing on how to coping with the wave of coping with the vauntingly player of each modernized and changing Mcfield of the world that is now crossing barriers of culture religion and any differences that utilise to divide the world for both good and bad reasons.While it is a good concept that the world can be united as one, unfortunately now Mcdonaldization is dividing it more in ways that can be irepairable as we now lose touch of our personal individuality in the mass scale of Mcpattenting each person to be one big global market.Ritzer was right that the world was being Mcdonalized, what we can only wish for now is that this trend wont get big enough for our lives to be turned into packaged happy meals because that way we lose touch of so many important levels of our individuality that we should appreciate and embrace in our unremarkable lives.ReferencesRitzer, G. (1996). The McDonaldization of Society. Revised ed. Thousand Oaks, Calif. Pine Forge. 265p.Alfino, M.,Caputo J., & Wynyard R. (1996). McDonaldization Revisited Critical Essays on Consumer Culture, Westport Praege

My Spring Break

My Spring Break Excited for the spring have? Spring Break or Midterm Break, as slightly bulk call it, is a week given to the students at universities and schools in somewhat countries. People usually go out of the city to relax and sleep together their time. The vacation meets with the weekend holiday of St. Patricks day. Therefore, I decided to go with my sis to watch the battle array in South Boston. Going there was ambitious for us. While we were in the channelise station, everyone was going in the same direction. We were in the middle of the crowd when suddenly everyone stopped.It was really crowded and we couldnt move until the train came and some people got on it. When we got close to the train, we had to wait for another one. The transferral police were telling people to move forward for more piazza to the upcoming crowed. Finally, we got on the train with all that pushing from people. It took us 30 minutes to arrive at our destination. It was my first time seeing the parade. I did not know what to expect there. My sister and I stood there for about an hour waiting to see something until one man shout I see the flags.At that moment, I was very excited to see what was next. A tercet young men appeared holding huge flags. That was followed by different performances much(prenominal) as Irish traditional music and dancing. Also, the parade included some soldiers groups from the Army and the Navy. Furthermore, there were several politicians who participated in the parade as well. It was delightful to watch all of that. You can tell that the people were ready to celebrate. On our way, we noticed how most of them were wearing green and heading there with family and friends.Some of them wore wide green hats and necklaces, especially the kids. Others wore unusual costumes and painted their faces. People were getting rum and enjoying their time. The day was not only celebrated by the Irish barely also by people from different countries. In conclu sion, going to the parade was a great experience for me. I learned about the Irish culture and religion. Additionally, I realized how it is important for them to celebrate this day. It was great overlap that with them and getting to know them up close. I definitely enjoyed my day.

Babies Behind Bars

The rate of women beingness incarcerated in prison house house houses has dramatically risen over the last decade. While these women be being locked up for crimes ranging from drug possession to murder, they often come into the prison carcass with clawren or pregnant. Nationwide, nearly 2 million clawren accept parents in prison. The go of those with incarcerated sustains is growing rapidly. A recent report from the Bureau of Justice Statistics represent that the number of minors with begins in prison increased by more(prenominal) than 100 percent in the last 15 days (Schwartzapfel, 2008) .While round women mustiness give up their small fryren onwards or after they bring down prison, a handful of women get to keep their children. These women serve their sentences at ane of nine prisons that get under ones skin prison nurseries. However, not all women are afforded this privilege which comes with strict qualifications. A prison greenhouse is a platform that a llows a child born to an incarcerated women to remain in the care of its gravel for a restricted amount of time within a correctional installing (Mothers, sisters and handcuffs A National see to it at prison Nurseries and participation-Based Alternative, 2009) . prison nurseries in the United States are only open to mystifys who give birth to their children era they are serving their sentence. prison nurseries are not fairly natural to the United States. In the 1950s, many womens prisons had nurseries in which infants could stay with their overprotects from several weeks to devil years, depending on the instauration. Within cardinal decades, every state except new anchor York closed them. The nurseries were deemed too expensive, the mothers too ruined and the babies too precious for such an environment (Kauffman, 2001) .The only computer political platformme left operating was at the Bedford Hills correctional Facility for Women in Bedford Hills, naked as a jay bird York. The Bedford Hills punitory Facility, which is a maximum protective cover deftness, has the anileest prison greenhouse in the United States. Opening its doors in 1901, the platform is also the largest, having space for 29 mother/infant pairs. Women live with their babies in bright rooms stuffed with donated toys and clothes.During the day, magic spell the women attend DOC-mandated drug counseling, anger management, vocational training and parenting classes, their children attend a day care staffed by inmates who have graduated from an intensive two-year Early Childhood Associate vocational training program (Schwartzapfel, 2008). Qualifications to move into in the program are stringent. several(prenominal) aspects of a womans past are examined before she coffin nail participate in the nursery.This includes determining who is going to have custody of the child, if the mother has a history of involvement with the child-welfare system, the length of her sentence, pas t episodes of incarceration, and the nature of her crime. Women who have committed arson or who have a history of child abuse are not eligible for the nursery. At Bedford Hills the infant eject stay for up to 18 months if the mother will be paroled by then, otherwise the child must leave the adroitness at 12 months of age (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009).There are currently prison nursery programs in nine states California, Illinois, New York, Nebraska, Washington, Ohio, Indiana, South Dakota, and West Virginia. Many of these programs started within the last few years. These programs are relatively rare and focus on the concept of the bond make between mother and child within the eldest two years of life. Taconic Correctional Facility, also located in Bedford Hills, New York, was the second facility to host a prison nursery program. Opening in 1990, it models the first program the qualifications and len gth of stay for infants are similar.However, Taconic only houses 15 mother/infant pairs. Nebraska opened its prison nursery program in 1994. The Nebraska Correctional Center for Women, located in York, Nebraska, holds 15 mother/infant pairs. Infants are allowed to stay up to 18 months in the Parenting Program. To participate in the nursery the mother must give birth while in state custody and not have a cherry criminal record. She also should not have any serious kind health concerns. A screening committee reviews each case before women are placed in the nursery.The mother must be adequate to(p) to complete her sentence by the time the child is 18 months old to be eligible (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Four years later, Pierre, South Dakota opened its prison nursery in the South Dakota Womens Prison. The Mother-Infant Program is the only prison nursery that doesnt have a limit to how many infants can stay. However, it has the shortest length of stay being thirty days. Women who give birth while in custody are allowed to participate in the program as want as the mothers crime was non- baseless in nature.All expenses related to the babys care are the accountability of the mother, including health care expenses. Mothers keep their infants in their cells. Other women at the facility are able to take classes to become babysitters and the mothers are able to contain who they would like to act as their babysitter. The Washington Correctional Center for Women in Gig Harbor, Washington, opened its doors to a prison nursery in 1999. To designate for the Residential Parenting Program, the mothers sentence must be stainless within three years of giving birth. The women must also be classified as minimum custody and be convicted of a non-violent offense.The program houses 20 mother/infant pairs and allows the infants to stay up to 36 months (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). Marysville, Ohio go acrossed its prison nursery at the Ohio Reformatory for Women in 2001. The program houses 20 mothers and up to 21 infants. Infants stay for a maximum of 18 months. To qualify for the Achieving small fry Care Success Program, women must give birth while in state custody and cannot have a violent criminal record. Women must attend family training courses, adhere to rules and be in good noetic and physical condition.Only women who are serving a sentence of 18 months or less at the time of delivery are eligible. The Moms and Babies Program at Decatur Correctional Center in Decatur, Illinois started in 2007. The capacity for the program is 5 mother/infant pairs with infants staying up to 24 months. A woman must have committed a non-violent offense and be within two years of electrical outlet after giving birth (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009). The more recent nursery programs were started in the last four years.Indiana, California, and West Virginia were the last states of the nine to implement prison nurseries. Because the programs are newer, various changes are still being made. In 2008, Indiana Womens Prison, in Indianapolis, Indiana, established its prison nursery. The Wee Ones glasshouse Program houses 10 mother/infants pairs and 4 nannies. To participate in the program the child must be born in custody and the mother must be eligible for release by the time the child is 18 months old. Mothers and nannies who have been convicted of child abuse or a violent crime are not eligible to participate. The final two prison nurseries started in 2009.Corona, California started its Mother-Child Reunification Program at California cosmos for Women. The program can hold up to 16 women 10 with infants and 6 who are pregnant. Like most programs, the infants stay up to 18 months. afterward women spend up to 1 8 months in the nursery they will be transitioned onto parole or into a community-based program such as the Community Prison Mothers Program. In addition to the planned nursery, the facility runs a child-visiting program and mother-father mediation program. All pregnant women are placed in this institution and other women can request to be sentenced or transferred here.West Virginias Lakin Correctional Center for Women, located in West Columbia, has the KIDS Unit program. KIDS, Keeping Infant Development Successful, is available to pregnant women who are within 18 months of release or parole. The nursery is made up of modular homes located international the prisons perimeter fence. To participate in the nursery the mother must not have been convicted of a sex crime or a crime against a child and must be dispatch of disciplinary write-ups (Mothers, Infants and Imprisonment A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative, 2009).Many experts take that prison nurs eries increase the bond between mother and child and lowers recidivism rates. Chandra Villanueva, Policy Associate at WPA and author of the report commented, Prison nursery programs keep mothers and infants together during the critical first months of infant development, and the research shows that these programs throw lower rates of recidivism among participating mothers. (Womens Prison Association, 2009).Researchers studying prison nurseries found that infants who lived with their mothers for a year or more in the prison nursery program were significantly more likely to be securely machine-accessible in spite of their mothers insecurity than those who were released earlier. Development of an attachment relationship is a long and fragile process and requires ongoing supports for mothers raising infants in prison nurseries, for future alternate caregivers living in the community, and for the children who will ultimately understand a multitude of environmental risks. (Byrne, Go shin, & Joestl, 2010).On the other hand, some believe that babies dont belong in prison, for their primary role is penalisation and rehabilitation. Not to mention that the programs are expensive, averaging about $24,000 a year per infant (Schiavocampo, 2010). As the number of incarcerated women continues to grow, we can expect to see the number of prison nurseries growing as well. Because the programs have been deemed successful, other states may start implementing them into their prison systems. This gives the mother some form of responsibility while she is incarcerated without separating her from the child.However, we should focus more on keeping women out of prison than creating more nurseries. Bibliography Byrne, M. , Goshin, L. , & Joestl, S. (2010). Intergenerational infection of attachment for infants raised in a prison nursery . adherence and Human Development, 375-393. Kauffman, K. (2001). Mothers in Prison. Corrections Today, 62-65. Mothers, Infants and Imprisonme nt A National Look at Prison Nurseries and Community-Based Alternative. (2009, May). Retrieved from Womens Prison Association http//www. wpaonline. rg/pdf/Mothers%20Infants%20and%20Imprisonment%202009. pdf. Schiavocampo, M. (2010, April 13). Reporters notebook A find at babies behind bars. Retrieved from The Grio http//thegrio. com/2010/04/13/reporters-notebook-a-look-at-babies-behind-bars/. Schwartzapfel, B. (2008). Lullabies Behind Bars. Retrieved from Ms. Magazine http//www. msmagazine. com/Fall2008/LullabiesBehindBars. asp. Womens Prison Association. (2009, July 13). Prison Nursery Programs a Growing Trend in Womens Prisons. Retrieved from Corrections. com http//www. corrections. com/ watchword/article/21644.