Evaluating the Socio Economic Impact of the Structural Adjustment Program Essay

These have left most SSA countries with acute balance of payments (BOP) disequilibria and an unfitness to service their debts to foreign bodies. In an effort to tackle the sparing crises and to rush economic recovery, most African countries had to adjust and re-structure their economies. According to Dasgupta (1998), geomorphologic appointment was seen as a fact of life. Thus in the 1980s, most African countries initiated economic policies which were sponsored by the World pious platitude and supplemented by the International fiscal Fund(IMF) in the form of stabilisation and geomorphologic adjustment programmes (SAP).Between June 1986 and July 1987 merely twenty angiotensin converting enzyme SSA countries went through World Bank/IMF SAP. Generally, SAPs entail policies designed by the world Bank/IMF aimed at improving the socioeconomic conditions of implementing nations by restoring economic stability and achieving long term growth through addressing structural weakness, and disequilibria in among others government budgets and external sector. More precisely, they involve the adoption and writ of execution of policies such as currency devaluation, trade liberalization, privatization, and removal of subsidies etc. hich argon perceived as means of reversing the pervasive neighborly and economic problems of growing nations. There has been a considerable amount of literature on the make of SAP measures on less developed countries (LDCs) with no app bent consensus. On the one hand, international financial institutions (IFIs) maintain that SAPs are vital tools for economic recovery and sustainable economic growth. On the other hand, many economists and social scientists argue that SAP measures have led to recessions and poor standards of living in developing countries (Jauch 1999).Thus, the impacts of SAPs remain highly controversial. Even though there are disparities as to the exact effects of SAPs, it is generally accepted that they have further reach ing implications for not only the macroeconomic environment of the countries concerned just now society at large (Mosley and Weeks, 1993, Riddle, 1992, Stein, 1992, El-Tom, 1994, World Bank, 1994). It is against this background that this dissertation attempts to ponder and analyse the effects of SAP on the Nigerian economy.The choice of Nigeria as a case study is due to the fact that it has implemented one of the most radical structural adjustment programmes in Africa. Thus the top dog which posed is, what impact if any has SAP had on the Nigerian economy. beforehand we proceed, it should be emphasised that this dissertation subsumes IMF stabilisation programmes under World Bank structural adjustment programmes. The reason for this is that the two programmes are intertwined and this is done excessively for simplicity. . 2 Aims and Objectives This paper aims to explore the role SAP has played in the Nigerian economy. The major objective of the project is to offer a mend underst anding as to why, what and how structural adjustment program in Nigeria evolved. The simple focal point is to inspect the basis for and causes of the clean ups, formulation and implementation processes, and the reform outcomes. The precise objectives of the dissertation are as follows First, to provide a die understanding of the background to the economic crises in Nigeria that led to SAP * Second, to limn the objectives of SAP and the reforms implemented by the Nigerian government * Third, to analyse the macroeconomic and social consequences of implementing SAP in Nigeria 1. 3 Methodology and entropy To approximate the effects of SAP on the Nigerian economy, the dissertation applies so-called before-after onward motion which in its essence compares the values of selected variables in the period before a program is implemented to those of post-implementation.This approach has been one of the most widely utilise when evaluating SAP. One of the main advantages of the approach is that it can give an insight into whether structural adjustment improved key economic indicators. The major shortcoming of the methodological analysis employed in this paper is that it assumes that all outcomes are the result of the programme itself and thus does not take into account the impacts of others factors. Another limitation is that it does not reveal the causes of variable changes.However, in spite of the fact that the before-after approach whitethorn have some degree of bias as an estimation procedure, it nevertheless, has inbred objectivity and is relatively easy to employ. The dissertation relies on secondary data mainly World Development Indicators. In addition, various government publications are utilised. In the case of Nigeria, the lack of data and the quality of data acquirable had a major constraint on the study. The data were often pitch to be unavailable and there were discrepancies in the different data sources.

Mary Rowlandson’s “The Captive” Essay

In the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries of America, humankindy settlers and colonists were taken confined by the inwrought Ameri merchant ships, commonly kn suffer as Indians. The Native Americans had many reasons and motives for capturing the settlers or colonists. Captives were often taken to be tidy sumd, ransomed, or adopted, which Native Americans did to replace tribal members who had passed or who had been killed. Two very famous captivity narratives atomic number 18 those of throng smith and bloody shame Rowlandson, whose stories are very different due to their captors, g closedowner, and religion. James smith was 18 years old when he was captured by the Indians just miles supra Bedford. metalworker was captured by three Indians, one was a Canasatauga and the two others were Delawares. With the ejection of world flogged, metalworkers experiences with the Indians were not terrible. He was essentially do by as an Indian. This stems from the fact that he was adopted by the Natives. James smith was given many freedoms. Smith was very bank by the Indians. They allowed him to race with them or on his own, they expected him to act as an Indian, and they also trusted him to take care of them when needed. Smith also had the option to leave whenever he pleased.He did not leave to remain with the Indians for the four years, 1755-1759, that he did. These experiences are very different compared to those of Mary Rowlandson. Mary Rowlandsons hometown of Lancaster, Massachusetts was washed-up by the Indians in King Philips War and she was taken captive during the destruction. Mary Rowlandson was captured in 1676 and remained a captive for three months before the call for ransom was paid. Rowlandson had very different experiences from James Smith with the Indians. At her capture, she witnessed the Indians sidesplitting or harming many in her family. Rowlandson, herself, suffered a gunshot wound. James Smith was also harmed when first ca ptured by the Indians however, he had been aided by cut doctors. Mary Rowlandson dealt with her gunshot wound on her own. She also had to carry her uneasy child for six days before the child passed away. Rowlandson was not open to designate freely in front of the Indians, she was not given a fair(a) share of the victuals, and was often forced to find other Indian tribes to spend the night with, or to receive solid food from.Rowlandson was sometimes allowed to go and meet with family members who were with neighboring tribes. Compared to James Smiths experiences, Mary Rowlandson had it treated when she was a captive of the Indians. Gender had a major effect on how the captives were treated. Native Americans often captured women because they were easier to capture, could bring in to a corkinger extent ransom, and the Indians also deald that the women would be easier to control. Mary Rowlandson had to make clothes for others in order to either trade with them or to constrict m oney that she could then use to obtain food with. James Smith, on the other hand, was able to go out and draw for the food he needed. The food that he and his fellow Indians gathered was evenly divided amongst the tribe. Rowlandson, however, was treated better by some tribes than the one she was being held captive in. Some Indians from other tribes would offer her food or opportunities to get money or goods that she needed.This was likely due to the fact that women had more powers and were more respected in some Indian tribes. Smith was expected to serve and fend for himself while Rowlandson was often provided with food, though it was not a fair share and was often not of the same value that Smiths was. Overall, Mary Rowlandson was treated disrespectfully, unfairly, and as though she was inferior. Rowlandson had to fight harder to live, as her food was often stolen and her religion, her greatest hope and strength, was frowned upon during her captivity. Religiously, Mary Rowlandson was affected more than James Smith. Mary Rowlandson was very religious. Rowlandson was married to a minister of Lancaster. Mary Rowlandsons faith and religion were the only involvements that kept her going during her captivity. The only thing she had to look forward to was reading her bible, though she had to do it secretly because once, her working girl caught her reading it, grabbed it out of her hands, and threw it outside. Rowlandson recovered her bible, just from then on she read it more secretly.Mary Rowlandson believed that all of the trials that she expired and the blessings that she received were from God. Rowlandson wrote of leaving her captivity, I have been in the midst of those roaring lions and savage bears that feared neither God nor man nor the devil, by night and day, alone and in company, sleeping all sorts together, and even not one of them ever offered the least abuse of unchastity to me in name or action though some are ready to state I emit it for my o wn credit but I speak it in the presence of God, and to His glory. Gods power is as great now as it was to furnace. Especially that I should come away in the midst of so many hundreds of enemies and not a dog bear on his tongue. Mary Rowlandson often quoted bible verses, one being Psalsms 27 live on the Lord. Rowlandson used this particular verse to persuade another captive against trying to escape and run away. and metaphorically related her experiences to stories of the bible.Mary Rowlandson played upon her religion to survive her captivity.Without, her faith, religion, and God, Mary Rowlandson would have had no hope, no reason to go on, or no encouragement to persevere through her captivity. James Smith was not extremely religious. Unlike Mary Rowlandson, James Smith did not depend upon religion to survive his captivity with the Indians. The Indians that Smith was with did not mind him practicing his own religion and they did not force their religion upon him. James Smith was, towards the end of his captivity, traveling with an Indian by the name of Tecaughretanego and his son Nunganey. After Smith laughed at Tecaughretanegos religious ceremonies, Tecaughretanego said to him, Brother,I have fairly to say to you, and I hope you provide not be offend when I tell you of your faults.You know that when you were reading your books in town I would not let the boys or any one disturb you but now, when I was praying, I saw you laughing. I do not conjecture that you look upon praying as a foolish thing I believe you pray yourself. But perhaps you whitethorn think my mode or manner of praying foolish if so, you ought in a friendly manner to check me, and not make sport of sacred things. Smith learned a lot about the Indians religion through his experiences with them and learned to respect their beliefs.though the experiences of James Smith and Mary Rowlandson were very different, neither story will ever be forgotten. Perhaps that was their purpose for recordin g their exploits. The differences in their stories can be attributed to their sex, religion, and captors. Had Mary Rowlandson not been female, religious, or captured by the Indians she was, her story may have been very different. Also, for James Smith, had he not been male or taken by the Indians he was his story would have been completely altered. The qualities, beliefs, and characteristics of Mary Rowlandson and James Smith were essentially what saved their lives.

Nonverbal Communication Reflection Paper

Reflection Paper on Nonverbal Communication I learned a lot about Human Communication when I read the chapter about Nonverbal Communication. Nonverbal Communication is the process of employ messages that are not words to generate meaning. I learned that it happens every(prenominal) day. I to a fault learned that is very hard to read or project depending on the person you are spill the beansing to or with. communicative and Nonverbal codes work in conjunction with each other.The words we speak or say are used in conjunction sestet different ways to repeat, to emphasize, to complement, to contradict, to substitute, and to regulate. I never knew until reading this chapter that we do these things altogether most every time we communicate. These are things I took for granted until now. I now hold out that I will pay closer economic aid when speaking so I can work on how I communicate my communicatory codes. I also learned that nonverbal codes populate of nonword symbols.Those s ymbols are bodily movements, facial expressions, bodily appearance, and personal space, time, touching, vocal cues, apparel and artifacts. I now know from this lesson that I also so solely told of these things as closely when communicating. Everyone uses one or more of these when they communicate. I know from my own experience that people can read me by my kinesics. I know that I need to be more aware of how I communicate my nonword symbols. People can stereotype you if you are not careful. intelligence nonverbal communication is more common than not. I now understand how to interpret nonverbal codes better than I did before. I am also aware now of how I should speak to people using my nonverbal codes so that they may understand me as well. This chapter was very interesting to me because all of the things we do without speaking to people is amazing. I never paid financial aid before. I now understand nonverbal communication as well as how to use it in my everyday life better th an I did before taking this class.

Animal Experiments Ethics Controversy Essay

Experiment In present-day society, it is a well-known situation that physical experiments be playing an increasingly key role in our lives, and it is advancing at an amazing speed. Its research results redeem completely changed our lives. nevertheless in the meantime, the creature experiments ethics controversy has sparked much debate. Many nation think that for the survival and using of clements, animal experiments atomic number 18 necessary. While approximately battalion argue that life of animals and benevolents be equally classic, they are against any form of animal experiments.In this essay, I will equation and contrast two typical opinions regarding this issue. Convincing arguments can be tell that animal experiments are commonly expendd in medical research. In studies on investigation and prevention, human diseases play a huge role. To sidetrack with the role of medicine, using animals to tally new-made drugs could help in intellectual the effects and si de effects of new drugs. Therefore, battalion dont take a leak to be mental testing subjects, and can avoid the dangers of being these test subjects. Moreover, animal experiments in cloning human organs also check a new break by dint of.For instance, mess found that goats implanted with human stem cells have blood and organs similar to DNA of human. Specifically, the of the essence(predicate) use of it is nurturing human organs in animals bodies. One day when people are injured or sick, they will be able to straight off replace organs. More importantly, through animal experiments, we can explore the mysteries of human lives. In other words, controlling the human diseases and aging, extending the lives of human beings could be realise by animal experiments.For these reasons, some statistics show that biomedical research projects with much than 60% need to conduct animal experiments. There are legion(predicate) topic researches of animal experiments that are difficult. A fter years of research, animal experiments have saved countless lives, and it will continue to save more lives. have arguments can be made that animal experiments play an irreplaceable important role in many other fields of science. In the initial place, national defense and military science obviously rely on animal experiments.As we know, the first creature into space was not human, instead it was a dog. People did a lot of experiments with the dog in space, and thus gained a lot of data. Sensors were used to monitor her heartbeat, blood pressure, and other physical functions to better understand any physical changes that might occur in space. In the second place, agricultural science, using animal experiments is very important and meaningful. Thus chemical fertilizers, pesticide residue testing, and quality of food, is eventually determined through the uses of animal experiments.Last but not least, in the area of blank industry, peoples daily necessities, especially, the eff ects of chemical products are experimented on animals to test for harmful ingredients. For instance, before food additives, fur products, cosmetics, and so on, companies were required to conduct animal experiments to prove they were not harm to the human body. With the development of times, more and more fields need animal experiments. Maybe people havent noticed, but it has become an essential part of peoples daily lives.It may be tempting to argue that animal experiments are not fair. The main reason for this is that people think animals and humans have the same basic survival needs, and high levels of psychological needs. Obviously, animals and humans have the same rights to live in the world. We need to approve animals, respect lives. Another reason is some people think that animal experiments are too cruel. For example, Draize eye irritation test is used to measure the exhilarating degree to human eyes of certain products.Rabbits are always used to do this kind of test, sinc e they dont have tears. People lock up these rabbits, open their eyes, and drop in the test substances. In pronounce to get the best results, people will be forced to close their eyes. Moreover, after the experiments, all the rabbits will be killed, whether they are healthy or not. Even so, we should not do this in order to save animals lives instead we should sacrifice peoples lives. We cant dent animal experiments, since it has some inadequacies.I believe that before we set a viable alternative, the majority of people would still support animal experiments. In summary, I would concede that we should protect animals rights and welfare, try to reduce or stop animal experiments. Despite that in the present level of technology, the being of animal experiments for the development of humans is very necessary. Overall, I am win over that we should use the proper experimental design, and data analysis methods to reduce the use of experimental testing on animals in the existing conditi ons, and look for new alternatives actively.

Clown :: essays research papers

Clown a performer, usually in a circus, who plays the fool, performs concrete jokes, and does tricks to make people laugh. Other names for zanys argon buffoon, jester, fool, conjurer, mirthmaker, tumbler, gleeman, mime, toyor, harlequin, merry counselor, comic, and puppeteer. all the same though there are many an(prenominal) types of zanys, each buffoon develops a face, meaning a personality. A clown&8217s face, once created, becomes the clown&8217s unique personal property. dis tingeface The oldest type of clown is the whiteface, which dates tolerate to the 18th century. The white color of the face was first done with flour. White lead replaced flour, but in the 1880s, when lead was discovered to be poisonous, safer greasepaints were found. Thewhiteface clown evolved from earlier whiteface theatrical entertainers. One of the most habitual whiteface characters in history is Harlequin, a comic personality in the Italian theater form commedia dell&8217arte. English actor wh oremaster Rich, who performed in the early and mid-18th century, was the most famous Harlequin of his time. After the mid-18th century, the clown gradually replaced the Harlequin character. English entertainer Joseph Grimaldi played an instrumental role in this shift. Still today you can find clowns which will do the whitefaced act but you would have to look along way to find anything to a fault the whitefaced clown does not use the grease paint the use a type of make-up which is thick and very rich in color and you can find it all over the place.CharacterI In the early twentieth century a third category of characterization developed from the so-called carpet clown, who performed short, solo single-valued functions between circus acts. These character clowns, as they are known today, include any clown who has a unique routine and who usually works alone or without a partner in a large group. The character clown is the most realistic of the clown types. Character clowns make fun o f different features of the human face by exaggeration, including beards, whiskers, warts, large noses, bald heads, and strange haircuts. The most popular character is the swinger or tramp clown, which is probably the only clown type in the beginning developed in the United States. The development of the tramp clown, however, owes much of its enthusiasm to English actor Charlie Chaplin. During his career, Chaplin played the part of the &8220Little Tramp in many motion pictures. Two other famous tramp clowns are Otto Griebling and Emmett Kelly, constraining friends who performed in the early and mid-20th century.

The Space Between Us andA Thousand Splendid Suns Essay -- Comparative,

In architecture, melodic phrase is used to create a prominent entrance. The observer moves from a small, dimly lit space to a fantastic room full of light where they feel the impact of the room because of its contrast with the previous one. Similarly, authors, the architects of a books plot, use contrast to stress a characters struggles and triumphs. In both The Space mingled with Us by Thirty Umrigar and A Thousand Splendid Suns by Khaled Hosseini, the authors use the contrast between two lives to emphasize the index number of money, education, and grammatical gender within Afghan and Indian society. The centre of economy and the focus of more lives, the power of money is punctuated by the distinction in wealth in Bhima and Seras lives in The Space Between Us. The importance of money is hard-pressed in A Thousand Splendid Suns with the contrast between Mariams fathers prosperity and her mothers poverty and the difference in Laila and Mariams lives before and after war. Cen tred on the newly abolished rank system, the distinction between Bhima and Seras financial situations underlines the difference money makes in their society. While Bhima is forced to live in a slum, Sera enjoys the luxury of her foot and the employment of Bhima. Another luxury Bhima cant afford is to meet Mayas baby. Instead she is forced to watch her granddaughter suffer from the emotional do of an stillbirth. While Sera eagerly awaits the birth of her own grandchild she is the one who financially facilitates the abortion of Bhimas great-grandchild. Furthermore, because of the pre-existing social constraints of the caste system, Bhima is not permitted to sit on the same furniture or use the same dishes as Sera. Similarly, Mariams life is also restricted by her mothers pove... ... fewer prospects. As a result, she felt the loss of something that could empower her to achieve her dreams. The power of education is also accented in The Space Between Us by the divergent lives that Bhima and Maya lead. While Bhima on the one hand is apprenticed to forever serve others, Maya has the potential to overcome her circumstances because of her education. The importance that shoal can make in Mayas life is repeatedly pointed start by Bhima whose dream for Maya is that she will go from her hut with two cop pots to a kitchen with sparkling stainless steel pots and pans (page 21) This is Bhimas ultimate good deal for Maya, one only attainable by continuing her educateing. Polarized by Bhimas lack of education, which is what she equates to as the reason for her almost destitute life, the potential that school can afford a person in India is clearly defined.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder and Sons :: essays `papers

Pieter Bruegel the senior and SonsPieter Bruegel , usually known as Pieter Bruegel the Elder to distinguish him from his elder son, was the first in a family of Flemish catamounts. He spelled his name Brueghel until 1559, and his sons retained the h in the spelling of their names. Pieter Bruegel the Elder, generally considered the superior Flemish painter of the 16th century, is by far the most of import member of the family. He was probably born 1529, in Breda in the dukedom of Brabant, now in The Netherlands. He was accepted as a hold in in the Antwerp painters guild in 1551, and was apprenticed to Coecke van Aelst, a leading Antwerp artist, sculptor, architect, and designer of tapestry and stained glass. Bruegel traveled to Italy in 1551 or 1552, terminate a number of paintings, mostly landscapes, there. Returning home in 1553, he settled in Antwerp. Ten years later, Bruegel moved permanently to Brussels. He married van Aelsts daughter, Mayken, in 1563. His association with the van Aelst family drew Bruegel to the tasteful traditions of the Mechelen region in which allegorical and peasant themes run strongly. Dated paintings amaze survived from each year of the period except for 1558 and 1561. Within this decade go Bruegels marriage to Mayken Coecke in the Church of Notre-Dame de la Chapelle in Brussels. His paintings, including his landscapes and scenes of peasant life, dialect the absurd and vulgar, yet are full of zest and fine detail. They to a fault expose human weaknesses and follies. He was sometimes called the peasant Bruegel from such plant as Peasant Wedding Feast (1567). It was in Rome, in 1553, that Bruegel produced his earlier signed and dated painting, Landscape with Christ and the Apostles at the Sea of Tiberias. The dedicated figures in this painting were probably done by Maarten de Vos, a painter from Antwerp then working in Italy. Among his patrons was Cardinal Antione Perrenot de Granvelle. Granville was president of the council of state in the Netherlands, in whose palace in Brussels the sculptor Jacques Jonghelinck had a studio. He and Bruegel had traveled in Italy at the same time, and his brother, a rich Antwerp collector, Niclaes, was Bruegels greatest patron, having by 1566 acquired sixteen of his paintings. Another patron was Abraham Ortelius, who in a memorable obituary called Bruegel the most perfect artist of the century.